Abstract
Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials (AMR) is a growing public health threat, and exposure to antimicrobials (AMs) is, on the whole, a major risk factor for the occurrence of AMR. During the past decade, a limited number of studies about AM exposure in dogs have been published, showing a noticeable diversity regarding numerators (AMU), denominators (population at risk), and indicators. The aim of this study is to show that metrics based on the most easily recorded data about treatments and a follow-up design are a promising method for a preliminary assessment of AM exposure in companion animals when more detailed data are not available. To quantify AM exposure, two simple indicators were used: the number of treatments (Ts) per 100 dogs and the number of treatments per 10 dog-years. Overall figures of AM exposure were 194 Ts/100_dogs (480 treatments and 248 dogs) and 18.4 Ts/10_dog-years (480 treatments and 95,171 dog-days), respectively. According to the administration route, AM exposure figures were 126 Ts/100 dogs (305 treatments and 242 dogs) and 12.1 Ts/10_dog-years (305 treatments and 92,059 dog-days) for systemic use and 66 Ts/100 dogs (160 treatments and 242 dogs) and 6.3 Ts/10_dog-years (160 treatments in 92,059 dog-days) for topical use. Since there is no current agreement regarding an indicator for quantifying AM exposure in dogs, in addition to other measures, the simplest indicators based on the most frequently available information should also be reported as a preliminary compromise for permitting a comparative analysis of the different scenarios.
Highlights
Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials (AMR) is a growing public health threat, and exposure to antimicrobials (AMs) is, on the whole, a major risk factor for the occurrence of AMR; but demonstrating their causal link is challenging (1).Seminal international conferences in the twentieth century [such as the 1998 Copenhagen recommendations (2)] highlighted the need for an accurate measurement of antimicrobial use (AMU) in humans and animals due to the role of AMU as a key driver of AMR
The aim of this study is to show that metrics based on the most recorded data are a promising method for a preliminary assessment of AM exposure in companion animals
The analysis of the most frequently used AMs in dogs, including administration routes or other related features, has been addressed in several papers (10–13, 18–20), showing that amoxicillin-clavulanate was, by far, the most frequently used by the systemic routes (10–13, 18, 19)
Summary
Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials (AMR) is a growing public health threat, and exposure to antimicrobials (AMs) is, on the whole, a major risk factor for the occurrence of AMR; but demonstrating their causal link is challenging (1). Seminal international conferences in the twentieth century [such as the 1998 Copenhagen recommendations (2)] highlighted the need for an accurate measurement of antimicrobial use (AMU) in humans and animals due to the role of AMU as a key driver of AMR. Several influential papers were published in the veterinary field (3–5) stressing both approaches and weaknesses when dealing with this topic. Collineau et al (6) summarized this subject focusing on the expected use of AMU metrics. AMU is the most common approach for measuring exposure to AMs, and numerous AMU metrics have been proposed (7). Most of them are based on the amount of AMs (sold, prescribed, or administered), delivered as raw data
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