Abstract
Based on the fact that EDTA complexes free metal ions, a method combining algal assays, electron microscopy and EDX-ray microanalysis was developed to determine total and metal toxicity in full strength effluent water. By adding a sufficient amount of EDTA into a test water to bind the free metal ions, metal and ‘organic’ toxicities could be differentiated in assays, as observed from tests with two industrial wastewaters and a solution containing a mixture of Cu, Zn and Hyamine. Metal toxicity could be verified by the presence of free metal ions in the water and by excess metals in the polyphosphate bodies of affected algal cells where altered chloroplasts were observed. Damage to the thylakoidal membranes in the chloroplast was characteristic of metal toxicity in Chlorella cells.
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