Abstract
Coupled with resource conservation and reduced carbon emissions, co-processing technology is a preferable alternative for sound and environmental friendly waste disposal over incinerators & non-scientific methods. It is not only solution to the waste disposal menace, but also reduces burden on secured landfills & TSDFs. Apart from using energy and material value of wastes, co-processing not only fixes the inorganic content of the wastes within the clinker, but also, it destroys the wastes completely due to high temperature and long residence time, avoiding need of further processing as in case of incineration. Trial run identifies wastes suitable for co-processing, source emission monitoring assesses environmental impacts and the quantification of reduced environmental impacts gives a clear picture of actual benefits of co-processing. The results show that the suggested process is efficient, economized and environmental friendly, particularly for a populated country, such as India, as there was no adverse effect on quality of cement, stack emission and air quality of environment due to co-processing of variety of identified wastes in cement kiln. Also, the quantified data of coal saved, CO2 emissions reduced & landfill volume avoided by the waste utilization will help in convincing all the stakeholders that co-processing of waste is the best environmentally sound technology for waste disposal. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.69.3.6736
Highlights
Every year, about 6.2 million tonnes of hazardous wastes (HW) are generated in India, out of which around 3.09 million tonnes are recyclable, 0.41 million tonnes are incinerable and 2.73 million tonnes are landfillable
Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 [1], regulate the management and handling of different types of hazardous wastes, which require the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)/Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) to grant authorization to the operator of a facility based on technical capability, which send their wastes to cement plants for co-processing
2.1 Identification of suitable wastes for co-processing A wide range of hazardous wastes are suitable for co-processing, but selection of wastes is influenced by various factors, including nature of the waste; its hazardous characteristics; available waste management operations; kiln operation; raw material and fuel compositions; waste feed points; exhaust gas cleaning process; resulting clinker quality; general environmental impacts; probability of formation and release of POPs; particular waste management considerations; regulatory compliance; and public and government acceptance [19][7][20][21]
Summary
About 6.2 million tonnes of hazardous wastes (HW) are generated in India, out of which around 3.09 million tonnes are recyclable, 0.41 million tonnes are incinerable and 2.73 million tonnes are landfillable. 40,722 hazardous waste generating units exist in India Most of these wastes have characteristics suited to their utilization as resource material either for recovery of energy or materials or both. The Basel Convention places obligations on party countries to ensure environmentally sound management (ESM) of hazardous and other wastes In this regard, the guiding principle for securing a more sustainable waste management system is the waste hierarchy of management practices, including giving due consideration to the protection of the environment and human health. The numerous potential benefits of co-processing include recovery of the energy content of waste, conservation of non- renewable fossil fuels and natural resources, reduction of CO2 emissions, reduction in production costs, and use of an existing technology to treat hazardous wastes [4][5][6][7]. Utilization of hazardous/nonhazardous (NHW) wastes by co-processing in cement kilns makes a win–win situation [2]
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