Abstract
Lincomycin is commonly used on swine farms for growth promotion as well as disease treatment and control. Consequently, lincomycin may accumulate in the environment adjacent to the swine farms in many ways, thereby influencing antibiotic resistance in the environment. Levels of lincomycin-resistance genes and lincomycin residues in water and soil samples collected from multiple sites near wastewater discharge areas were investigated in this study. Sixteen lincomycin-resistance and 16S rRNA genes were detected using real-time PCR. Three genes, lnu(F), erm(A), and erm(B), were detected in all water and soil samples except control samples. Lincomycin residues were determined by rapid resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, with concentrations detected as high as 9.29 ng/mL in water and 0.97 ng/g in soil. A gradual reduction in the levels of lincomycin-resistance genes and lincomycin residues in the waters and soils were detected from multiple sites along the path of wastewater discharging to the surrounding environment from the swine farms. Significant correlations were found between levels of lincomycin-resistance genes in paired water and soil samples (r = 0.885, p = 0.019), and between lincomycin-resistance genes and lincomycin residues (r = 0.975, p < 0.01). This study emphasized the potential risk of dissemination of lincomycin-resistance genes such as lnu(F), erm(A), and erm(B), associated with lincomycin residues in surrounding environments adjacent to swine farms.
Highlights
Antibiotics are commonly used in large confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) worldwide to promote animal growth and treat animal diseases
Since swine manure water was discharged from the site A, it was not surprising that the highest concentrations were observed in the A-w samples and the A-s samples
Concentrations of lincomycin in the A-w sample and B-w, C-w, D-w, E-w samples detected in this study were similar to previous studies of liquid swine manure and ground water from manure-amended cropland, respectively (Kuchta and Cessna, 2009a; Kuchta et al, 2009)
Summary
Antibiotics are commonly used in large confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) worldwide to promote animal growth and treat animal diseases. Many antibiotics are poorly absorbed in the gut of treated animals and up to 75% of them can be excreted in an unmetabolized form via feces and urine, allowing antibiotics to persist and accumulate in water and soil (Kumar et al, 2005). It was previously reported that a high concentration (7820 ng/mL) of lincomycin could be detected in liquid manure of swine following administration in feed. In liquid manure, ∼84% of the lincomycin was in the dissolved phase, and 16% was associated with the solid components of the manure (Kuchta and Cessna, 2009b). When livestock manure from CAFOs is used as liquid fertilizer, antibiotics may transport to surface and ground water, as well as soil, and act as a reservoir (Hornish et al, 1987; Kuchta and Cessna, 2009b; Kwon, 2011). Lincomycin is one of the antibiotics that could accumulate in the environment adjacent to CAFOs (Hu et al, 2010)
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