Quantification of hydroperoxides in liquid fuels: A systematic comparison of titration and absorption methods and their coupling to HPLC

Abstract

Hydroperoxides are major products in the autoxidation of fuels and play a central role in oxidation kinetics. Their presence affects the oxidation rate, even at low concentrations, and, in turn, the thermal stability of fuels. Standard techniques for the quantification of hydroperoxides (ROOH) in fuels involve the reduction of ROOH by I−, yielding iodine (I2), which can be quantified by titration. The ASTM titration method of ROOH is known to be poorly reproducible and have inadequate lower detection limits and limited dynamic ranges. In this work, several analytical methods for the quantification of hydroperoxides in fuels have been systematically compared for known concentrations of ROOH: titrations of iodine with thiosulfate (ASTM D3703) and triphenylphosphine (TPP) solutions, with colorimetric and potentiometric methods, and quantification of iodine by UV–visible absorption. n-decane was used as a surrogate fuel and tert-butyl hydroperoxide as the ROOH internal standard. Our systematic study shows that the ASTM method based on colorimetric titration using thiosulfate aqueous solution is the least accurate because of the non-miscibility of water and n-decane, which even makes the UV–visible spectroscopy method ineffective. The other titration method proposed in the literature, using TPP dissolved in n-decane as the titrant, does not have this miscibility problem. Potentiometric titration is found to be more reproducible and accurate than colorimetric titration. The UV–visible absorption reaches lower detection limits. We show that the combination of the potentiometric titration of iodine with TPP and UV–visible absorption enables ROOH concentrations to be determined with low detection limits and a large dynamic range. The advantages of iodometry and UV-absorption detection methods have been used to develop a new analytical method based on their coupling in HPLC with a post-column reactor.