Abstract
This paper aims to quantify the evolution of damage in masonry walls under induced seismicity. A damage index equation, which is a function of the evolution of shear slippage and opening of the mortar joints, as well as of the drift ratio of masonry walls, was proposed herein. Initially, a dataset of experimental tests from in-plane quasi-static and cyclic tests on masonry walls was considered. The experimentally obtained crack patterns were investigated and their correlation with damage propagation was studied. Using a software based on the Distinct Element Method, a numerical model was developed and validated against full-scale experimental tests obtained from the literature. Wall panels representing common typologies of house façades of unreinforced masonry buildings in Northern Europe i.e. near the Groningen gas field in the Netherlands, were numerically investigated. The accumulated damage within the seismic response of the masonry walls was investigated by means of representative harmonic load excitations and an incremental dynamic analysis based on induced seismicity records from Groningen region. The ability of this index to capture different damage situations is demonstrated. The proposed methodology could also be applied to quantify damage and accumulation in masonry during strong earthquakes and aftershocks too.
Highlights
Ensuring the security of energy supply and providing competitive energy costs are vital and of strategic importance for Europe
A two-dimensional numerical model based on Distinct Element Method (DEM) was developed to estimate and understand the extent of damage accumulation in masonry walls with and without openings subjected to induced seismicity events
Using a software based on the Distinct Element Method (DEM), a numerical model was developed and validated against a series of full-scale experimental tests obtained from the literature
Summary
An important finding from this work is that the residual drift of the wall was zero, cracks in the unreinforced masonry opened and closed until they become evident when the second damage limit was reached. DIC is a powerful tool in the unambiguous detection of damage in masonry It could be disadvantageous in distinguishing between shear and tensile cracks, both of which develop in masonry under seismic loading. Acceptance limits of the structural response of RC walls were suggested based on inter-story drift ratios, residual crack width and total damaged area (i.e. the area of cracks) [25]. The accumulated damage within the seismic response of the masonry walls was investi gated by means of representative harmonic load excitations and an in cremental dynamic analysis based on induced seismicity records from the Groningen region. The indexing method is envisaged as mainly applicable for the quantification of damage at structural level obtained from numerical analysis as a complement to optical monitoring and visual inspection
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