Quantification of cobalt and nickel in urine using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

Abstract

Cobalt and nickel are micronutrients indispensable for the body, therefore, their use with food or as part of vitamin complexes is necessary to maintain health. As a result, trace cobalt and nickel contents are present in human biological fluids – blood and urine. According to the World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited list, they belong to the group of blood doping preparations – erythropoiesis stimulants. Nowadays, methods for their control in biological fluids are being actively developed to establish reasonable allowable contents of these trace elements in human biological fluids. However, in addition to developing highly sensitive methods for the determination of the total content of cobalt and nickel using ICP-MS and ETAAS, the development and comparison of various sample preparation methods that can provide the greatest accuracy, reproducibility and express analysis are also relevant. In the present paper, a comparison of different sample preparation methods – direct analysis, dilution and microwave mineralization of urine samples was shown, the detection and quantification limits were compared, some metrological characteristics that can be achieved using these sample preparation methods were evaluated. The procedure was tested on artificial and real urine samples. Taking the course of vitamin complexes in therapeutic concentrations was shown not to lead to a significant increase in the concentrations of analytes in urine, while taking elevated concentrations (for example, 2-fold) makes it possible to determine them even using ICP-AES. However, even in this case, cobalt and nickel concentrations remain at a relatively low level, not able to lead to a significant increase in erythropoiesis.