Quantification and stability assessment of urinary phenolic and acidic biomarkers of non-persistent chemicals using the SPE-GC/MS/MS method

Abstract

Nowadays, people are exposed to numerous man-made chemicals, many of which are ubiquitously present in our daily lives, and some of which can be hazardous to human health. Human biomonitoring plays an important role in exposure assessment, but complex exposure evaluation requires suitable tools. Therefore, routine analytical methods are needed to determine several biomarkers simultaneously. The aim of this study was to develop an analytical method for quantification and stability testing of 26 phenolic and acidic biomarkers of selected environmental pollutants (e.g., bisphenols, parabens, pesticide metabolites) in human urine. For this purpose, a solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-GC/MS/MS) method was developed and validated. After enzymatic hydrolysis, urine samples were extracted using Bond Elut Plexa sorbent, and prior to GC, the analytes were derivatized with N-trimethylsilyl-N-methyl trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA). Matrix-matched calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.1–1000 ng mL−1 with R > 0.985. Satisfactory accuracy (78–118%), precision (< 17%), and limits of quantification (0.1–0.5 ng mL−1) were obtained for 22 biomarkers. The stability of the biomarkers in urine was assayed under different temperature and time conditions that included freezing and thawing cycles. All tested biomarkers were stable at room temperature for 24 h, at 4 °C for 7 days, and at −20 °C for 18 months. The total concentration of 1-naphthol decreased by 25% after the first freeze–thaw cycle. The method was successfully used for the quantification of target biomarkers in 38 urine samples.