Abstract
Monitoring the quantity and quality of metals in lake water is a major part of assessing water toxicity. A fundamental aspect of geochemical monitoring studies is the evaluation of the equilibrium distribution of metal speciation in water and the influence of environmental conditions on this process. It is important to understand the difference between the behavior of nanoparticles, dissolved particles, colloid particles, and suspended particles. This study involved environmental aquatic chemistry research and the assessment of the geochemical processes of metal speciation in an arctic lake in the metallurgical waste zone and other areas where natural processes prevail. Consecutive and parallel membrane filtration methods were used to compare the results of water analysis in Imandra Lake. The membrane pore sizes were 8, 1.2, 0.45, and 0.2 µm. The following filtrate characteristics were used: microfiltration-based mechanical suspension and oxidized contaminants (>8, 1.2, 0.45, 0.2, 0.1 μm), and ultrafiltration-based colloids, bacteria, viruses, etc. (less than 0.1 μm). Industrial effluents led to the formation of higher concentrations of elements (Ni, Cu, and Pb) in their labile forms. In the wastewater-mixing zone, the concentrations of most elements were evenly distributed in depth. In more distant areas, we found a significant increase in the concentration of elements in the near-bottom horizon in comparison with the surface water (Fe by more than three times). The obtained results showed that numerous elements had diverse distributions by speciation in the points located closer to the source of wastewater. This indicated the significant influence of the adsorption process on the system balance of elements such as Fe, Cu, and rare earth elements. The impact of the regional geochemical and anthropogenic speciation and the possible influence of climatic factors on the distribution of speciation were determined.
Highlights
The pollution of aquatic ecosystems with metals is a serious global problem
The water in Lake Imandra is characterized by a low-alkaline medium and electric conductivity that is high for Arctic lakes
We found that during the years with maximum anthropogenic load, the share of labile forms in Lake Imandra significantly increased (Figure 5)
Summary
The pollution of aquatic ecosystems with metals is a serious global problem. Anthropogenic pollution of the environment significantly increased, associated with the increasing volumes of metal mining and their dispersion in the environment [1,2,3]. Mined and technologically enriched metals have toxic properties that are determined by their speciation in a water environment [2]. Speciation and bioavailability are determined by the chemical composition of water: the concentration of organic substances, рН, Eh, temperature, and competitive reactions of cations and anions [3,4,5]. Dissolved organic substances can inactivate metals in water by binding them with ligands, which reduces their toxicity and bioavailability for hydrobionts [4,5,6].
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