Abstract
The aim of this work was the study and evaluation of winery by-products in the framework of the circular bioeconomy. Grape seeds and grape skins from Greek Ionian Islands varieties were analyzed in an attempt to provide the appropriate basis for model development of their sustainable exploitation at a local or regional level. The by-products were collected directly from the wineries immediately after the vinification process and were analyzed by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. In addition, annual production and yields were estimated. Grape seed oil quality was evaluated based on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition. The grape skins’ phenolic fraction was extracted by an eco-friendly, nontoxic water-glycerol solvent system and was detected qualitatively. In addition, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH) were measured. Based on estimated yields, our results demonstrate that winery by-products have the potential to promote the cyclical bioeconomy in a modern economic growth model that will reduce by-products and environmental costs as they can be reused as whole material in foods, dietary supplements, cosmetic ingredients, food colorants, and preservatives.
Highlights
Other authors have pointed out that yields are closely related to two factors, including the variety tested [19] and the extraction method followed [9]
The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition of the grape seed oils varied between the different varieties and cultivars
Similar to previous research [28,29], results of this study indicate that grape seed oils are in phenolics due to the low solubility of phenolics in the lipid fraction, as most of the phenolic compounds remain in the defatted grape seed particles which have a phenolic concentration at least 100-fold higher than the phenolic concentration in the oil [30]
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Grapes are one of the world’s largest fruit crops, with over 75 million tons grown annually, primarily as Vitis vinifera L. for wine production. According to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) statistics, wine production is substantial for the Greek economy, ranking as the country’s second most profitable industry after olives in 2015 and 2016. 35.9 million tons of industry by-products arise from wine, while the rest arise from grape juice processing [2]. The Ionian Islands produced 1179.25 tons of wine grapes in 2017, according to the Ministry of Rural Development and Food, generating
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