Quality evaluation of oils extracted from some selected indigenous spices

A microwave hot pressing machine (MHPM) was used to heat the colander to produce fixed oils from each of castor, sunflower, rapeseed, and moringa seed and compared them to those obtained using an ordinary electric hot pressing machine (EHPM). The physical properties, namely the moisture content of seed (MCs), the seed content of fixed oil (Scfo), the yield of the main fixed oil (Ymfo), the yield of recovered fixed oil (Yrfo), extraction loss (EL), six Efficiency of fixed oil extraction (Efoe), specific gravity (SGfo), refractive index (RI) as well as chemical properties, namely iodine number (IN), saponification value (SV), acid value (AV), and the yield of fatty acid (Yfa) of the four oils extracted by the MHPM and EHPM were determined. Chemical constituents of the resultant oil were identified using GC/MS after saponification and methylation processes. The Ymfo and SV obtained using the MHPM were higher than those for the EHPM for all four fixed oils studied. On the other hand, each of the SGfo, RI, IN, AV, and pH of the fixed oils did not alter statistically due to changing the heating tool from electric band heaters into a microwave beam. The qualities of the four fixed oils extracted by the MHPM were very encouraging as a pivot of the industrial fixed oil projects compared to the EHPM. The prominent fatty acid of the castor fixed oil was found to be ricinoleic acid, making up 76.41% and 71.99% contents of oils extracted using the MHPM and EHPM, respectively. In addition, the oleic acid was the prominent fatty acid in each of the fixed oils of sunflower, rapeseed, and moringa species, and its yield by using the MHPM was higher than that for the EHPM. The role of microwave irradiation in facilitating fixed oil extrusion from the biopolymeric structured organelles (lipid bodies) was protruded. Since it was confirmed by the present study that using microwave irradiation is simple, facile, more eco-friendly, cost-effective, retains parent quality of oils, and allows for the warming of bigger machines and spaces, we think it will make an industrial revolution in oil extraction field.

Oils extracted from Blighia sapida fruits are usually consumed without any information on its chemical composition. However the bad quality of oil can be a source of toxicity. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the physicochemical quality of the oil extracted from B. sapida from Togolese flora. To reach the goal of the study, mature and immature of B. sapida arils were used for oil extraction by the solvent method using hexane. The physicochemical parameters including density, acid value, saponification value, ester value, iodine value and impurity content were determined according to the French Association for Standardization (AFNOR) standards. The results of the extraction yields were 41.7% (immature arils) and 48.8% (mature arils). The mature arils oil had acid value of (7.013 mg of KOH/g), saponification (195.17 mg of KOH/g), iodine (87 g I2/100 g) and ester (188.157 mg of KOH/g) values were different for those of the immature arils’ which were 30.86 mg of KOH/g (acid value), 191.68 mg of KOH/g (saponification value), 85 g I2/100 g (iodine value) and 160.82 mg of KOH/g (ester value). The densities were 0.916 g/cm3 (mature) and 0.77 g/cm3 (immature) while the impurity content was 3.4% (mature) and 16.1% (immature). The effect of heating the oils resulted in very high values of the physicochemical parameters. The results obtained deduce that this oil meets the Codex Alimentarius standard.   Key words: Blighia sapida oil, physicochemical parameters, extraction, frying, Togo.

The estimation of the chemical composition and physical properties of the seed oils of Trichosanthes cucumerina and Ricinodendron heudelotii using standard methods of analysis showed that the seed of T. cucumerina and R. heudelotii have high oil content (46.3±4% and 42.5±5% respectively). Assessment of the physical constants revealed that Ricinodendron heudelotii had a low heat of combustion (12.9 ± 3kcal/g) when compared to that of Trichosanthes cucumerina (32.8 ± 4kcal/g). The refractive indices at 400C, boiling point, smoke point and flash points were high in the two oils. Their relative densities were high and their melting points were low. From the chemical parameters, the high ester value and saponification values of T. cucumerina and R. heudelotii qualifies them to be used in industries for soap making, while the high iodine value for R. heudelotii (158.8 ± 8gI/100g oil) qualifies it as a drying oil and suggest possible usefulness in the paint industry. Their percentage free fatty acid and acid values were low suggesting increased stability and usefulness in nutritional and industrial applications. Key Words: seed oil, chemical composition, Trichosanthes cucumerina, Ricinodendron heudelotii. (Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences: 2003 9(2): 217-220)

The objective of this study is extraction and characterization of oil from tropical almond seed, trans-esterification and characterization of tropical almond seed oil biodiesel. All experiments were replicated and average results were evaluated. The moisture content of the seed was 2.04 %; the oil was extracted using solvent method and the percentage of oil yield was 50.33 %. The physicochemical properties of the oil obtained during the experiment were; density (0.90 g/cm3), specific gravity (0.89), kinematic viscosity at 40 oC (14.1 mPa.s), cloud point (16.0 oC), pour point (11.5 oC), smoke point (173.0 oC), flash point (208.0 oC), fire point (271.0 oC), saponification value (199.19 mgKOH/g), acid value (3.37mgKOH/g), FFA (1.68 mgKOH/g), Peroxide value (5.0 meq/kg), and Iodine value (98.0 gI2/100g). The oil was trans-esterified to biodiesel using oil to alcohol ratio of 4:1 and KOH as catalyst. The percentage of biodiesel yield was 75.0 % averagely. The physicochemical properties of the biodiesel obtained during the experiment were; density (0.96g/cm3), specific gravity (0.90), kinematic viscosity at 40 oC (5.20 mPa.s), kinematic viscosity at 100 oC (4.30 mPa.s) cloud point (7.0 oC), pour point (6.0 oC), smoke point (161.0 oC), flash point (186.0 oC), fire point (216.0 oC), saponification value (182.4 mgKOH/g), acid value (0.84 mgKOH/g), FFA (0.42 mgKOH/g), Peroxide value (8.0 meq/kg), and Iodine value (109.0 gI2/100g, the calculated cetane number was 51.70. The result obtained for the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel were compared with the ASTM standard and it was concluded that tropical almond seed oil is a good feedstock for biodiesel production since the result is within ASTM specification standard.

Efforts to obtain alternative and renewable energy continue to be carried out sustainably. Various natural materials continue to be studied for their feasibility in using alternative and renewable fuels. One of the natural materials that have the potential as a source of renewable energy is dammar resin (Shorea Javanica k. et v.). Therefore, it is necessary to analyze dammar resin's physical and chemical properties to determine its potential as an alternative fuel. This study evaluates dammar resin's physical and chemical properties as a renewable energy source. In this research, the physical and chemical properties of dammar resin were investigated related to its function as an alternative fuel compared to other alternative fuels. This study also aims to determine the advantages and disadvantages of dammar resin's physical and chemical properties as an alternative fuel. The American Society for Testing and Materials standard (ASTM), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the American Oil Chemists Society standard (AOCS) methods have been adopted to analyze the physical and chemical properties of dammar resins. This study's physical and chemical properties were cloud point, pour point, flash point, density, energy content, ash content, sulfur content, iodine value, saponification value, and cetane number. The result indicates that based on the physical and chemical property analysis, dammar resin has potency as a renewable energy source and can be developed as an alternative fuel. Dammar resin has a low flash point, sulfur content, and iodine value but a high saponification value and cetane number; these values have met European requirements. Moreover, the energy content of dammar resin is lower, and the ash content is higher than other biodiesel materials. However, dammar resin still requires advanced processes to be converted as alternative energy because it still has a high density, cloud, and pour point.

Date Palm Byproducts for Green Fuels and Bioenergy Production

Introduction: Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is grown worldwide in the tropics and subtropical areas. This genus is endemic to South America, primarily as an oil seed crop. Peanut seeds make an important contribution to the diet in many countries, and its widespread acceptability is attributed to its economic value to the industry and nutritional benefits to consumers. Peanut oil is used in cooking and is also employed in the manufacture of margarines , cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and surfactants. Methods: The oils and glycerides function in cosmetic formulations as skin-conditioning agents. The acid functions as a surfactant-cleansing agent, and the flour functions as an abrasive, bulking and/or viscosity-increasing agent. Chemical and microbiological characteristics of seed oil extracted by expression are evaluated for applications in lip gloss and skin cream. The physical and chemical properties of the oil and cosmetic products are evaluated, as well as color, acid, iodine and peroxide values (PVs), saponification index, melting, boiling and freezing points, rancidity value, pH, density, centrifugal and reversibility tests, homogeneity, and technical and economic feasibility for the development of products. Results: The physical properties of the oil extracts showed the state to be fluid at room temperature (25-30°C) and the color to be pale-yellow or golden-yellow; in general, density was 0.911 ± 0.004 g/mL, refraction index 1.4696, boiling point >218°C, freezing point 7°C. Chemical properties of the oil extracts were: Acid value (AV) 0.71 ± 0.09%; PV (8.29 ± 0.51 meq O2/kg), saponification value (SV) (188.57 ± 1.39 mg KOH/g), and Iodine value (IV) of 88.11 ± 1.29 mg/100 were evaluated. Conclusion: This oil offers the possibility of being considered at industrial level because the result of quality control for lip gloss and skin cream were satisfactory in compliance with the parameters evaluated. Compliance with the quality parameters indicates that the seed oil of A. hypogaea can be used as raw material in the formulation of cosmetics because the products evaluated were stable, and not expensive and easy to obtain. In cosmetics and personal care products, peanut-derived ingredients are used mainly in the formulation of moisturizers, skin care products, and skin cleansers.

The effects of extracting solvents on the physicochemical properties of vegetable oils extracted from four oil seed plants, namely Dennettia tripetala, Dacryodes edulis, Cola rostrata, and Persea americana, were studied. Vegetable oils were extracted using the Soxhlet method. The oils were used for determining % yield, acid value (AV), iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV), electrical conductivity (EC), and pH. The results revealed that the range of the mean % yield of oils extracted using hexane, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), petroleum ether, acetone, and methanol, respectively, were 7.5-12.0, 9.0-22.0, 7.5-27.5 and 12.0-37.5 for the four oil Seeds respectively. Mean AVs of oils in mg KOH/g across the solvents were 3.1-3.7, 3.1-3.8, 2.5-3.9 and 2.4-2.8 for Cola rostrata, Dacryodes edulis, Dennettia tripetala and Persea americana respectively. Mean IVs of oils in gI2/100 g across the solvents were 33.25-33.97, 33.06-33.35, 32.06-33.76 and 33.00-34.00 for the four oil seeds, respectively. Mean SVs in mg KOH/g across the solvents were 191.00-197.44, 190.74-198.31, 194.11-202.52, and 182.23-199.44, respectively. Mean EC values ranged 0.31-0.32, 0.30-0.33, 0.30-0.33, and 0.31-0.32 μS/cm across the solvents, respectively. Mean pH values ranged from 6.1-6.4, 4.6-6.3, 6.2-6.4, and 6.1-6.3 across the solvents for the oils, respectively. The AVs of the oils suggest that they are edible oils, the IVs classify the oils as non-drying oils suitable for paint making, and SVs reveal that the oils are good for soap making. Hexane, petroleum ether, and CCl4 are suitable for oil extraction industrially, while D. edulis, D. tripetala, and P. Americana oils are economically viable oil resources due to their high percentage yield, SV and IV.

The effects of extracting solvents on the physicochemical properties of vegetable oils extracted from four oil seed plants, namely Dennettia tripetala, Dacryodes edulis, Cola rostrata, and Persea americana, were studied. Vegetable oils were extracted using the Soxhlet method. The oils were used for determining % yield, acid value (AV), iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV), electrical conductivity (EC), and pH. The results revealed that the range of the mean % yield of oils extracted using hexane, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), petroleum ether, acetone, and methanol, respectively, were 7.5-12.0, 9.0-22.0, 7.5-27.5 and 12.0-37.5 for the four oil Seeds respectively. Mean AVs of oils in mg KOH/g across the solvents were 3.1-3.7, 3.1-3.8, 2.5-3.9 and 2.4-2.8 for Cola rostrata, Dacryodes edulis, Dennettia tripetala and Persea americana respectively. Mean IVs of oils in gI2/100 g across the solvents were 33.25-33.97, 33.06-33.35, 32.06-33.76 and 33.00-34.00 for the four oil seeds, respectively. Mean SVs in mg KOH/g across the solvents were 191.00-197.44, 190.74-198.31, 194.11-202.52, and 182.23-199.44, respectively. Mean EC values ranged 0.31-0.32, 0.30-0.33, 0.30-0.33, and 0.31-0.32 μS/cm across the solvents, respectively. Mean pH values ranged from 6.1-6.4, 4.6-6.3, 6.2-6.4, and 6.1-6.3 across the solvents for the oils, respectively. The AVs of the oils suggest that they are edible oils, the IVs classify the oils as non-drying oils suitable for paint making, and SVs reveal that the oils are good for soap making. Hexane, petroleum ether, and CCl4 are suitable for oil extraction industrially, while D. edulis, D. tripetala, and P. Americana oils are economically viable oil resources due to their high percentage yield, SV and IV.

The physicochemical properties of the extracted oil from almond seed were investigated. Physical properties such as cloud point, pour point, fire point, smoke point, specific gravity, refractive index, and viscosity; and the chemical properties such as acid value, free fatty acid, saponification value, iodine value, ester value, and peroxide value were investigated for both raw almond oil and transesterified almond oil. The various properties were investigated using ASTM standard methods and calculations. Results obtained for physical properties: cloud point, pour point, fire point, smoke point, specific gravity, refractive index, and kinematic viscosity were 〖-3〗^o C, 〖-9〗^o C, 〖220〗^o C, 〖130〗^o C, 0.928, 1.462, 21.84 〖mm〗^2/sec respectively for the transesterified almond oil. Result obtained for the chemical properties of the transesterified almond oil: acid value, free fatty acid, saponification value, iodine value 〖mgI〗_2/g, and ester value, values were determined to be: 2.05, 1.03, 79.71, 34.33, and 77.66. It was concluded that transesterified Almond oil have a great potential for use as fuel alternative and substitute for internal combustion engine with its high purity, low corrosion ability and ease of ignition.

The suitability of native pear Dacryodes edulis seeds as a source of good quality vegetable oil was investigated. Oil was extracted from the dried seeds by simple solvent extraction process with hexane. Extracted oil was degummed using 0.2% H3PO4 or Na2CO3 solutions, and then bleached with activated carbon. Chemical (acid value (AV), saponification number (SN), peroxide value (PV), and iodine value (IV)) and physical (smoke point (SP), flash point (FP), melting point (MP) and freezing point) analyses were carried out on both the crude and refined oils. Results showed that the crude oil had AV of 9.6 mg KOH/g, SN of 72.8. Degumming (with 0.2%Na2CO3 and 0.2%H3PO4) and bleaching gave oils with lower AV (7.45 mgKOH/gfat) and higher acid value (9.4 mgKOH/gfat), respectively. Iodine value (48.78 ml/g) of the 0.2% Na2CO3 degummed oil was higher than that of the seed oil degummed with 0.2% H3PO4 (25.35 ml/g). Bleaching of 0.2% Na2CO3 degummed oil resulted in oil with peroxide value of 20 mgEq/Kg which was higher than that of 0.2% H3PO4 degummed and bleached (19.4 mgEq/Kg) oil. Key words: Native pear, seeds, degumming, bleaching, deodorizing, extraction, vegetable oil.

Shea nuts (Vitellaria paradoxa) were cracked and sorted. Fluted pumpkin seeds (Telfairia occidentalis Hook) were dehulled and washed. The Shea kernel and Telfairia cotyledons were oven dried (60°C, 24h) separately in a hot air oven, milled into flour and oil extracted. Crude palm oil extracted from the palm fruit was used as control. The oil samples were analyzed for chemical composition, physical properties, and fatty acid profile. Shea nut oil (Shea butter) gave 58.00% ether extract, 0.88% free fatty acids, 1.7mgKOH/g acid value, 1.03mEqO2/kg peroxide value, 70.00g/100g iodine value, 227.94mgKOH/g saponification value, 0.95% Unsaponifiable matter, and 226.17mgKOH/g ester value. Fluted pumpkin seed oil gave 52.60% ether extract, 0.71% free fatty acids, 1.41mgKOH/g acid value, 1.17mEqO2/kg peroxide value, 119.67g/100g iodine value, 179.04mgKOH/g saponification value, 0.57% Unsaponifiable matter, and 177.63mgKOH/g ester value. The iodine value of Shea butter and Telfairia seed oil were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the control which gave 57.33g/100g iodine value. Shea butter also gave 1.461 refractive index, 0.927g/ml density, 36.57°C slip melting point, 211.00°C smoke point, 83.92cSt kinematic viscosity, and 4red and 20yellow lovibond colour. Fluted pumpkin seed oil gave 1.463 refractive index, 0.903g/ml density, 18.60°C slip melting point, 244.50°C smoke point, 34.98cSt kinematic viscosity, and 5red and 20yellow lovibond colour. Shea butter gave 50.6% total saturated fatty acids, and 49.1% total unsaturated fatty acids, with stearic (45.8%) and oleic (42.5%) as the predominant saturated, and unsaturated fatty acids respectively. Fluted pumpkin seed oil gave 18.4% total saturated fatty acids, and 80.2% total unsaturated fatty acids, with palmitic (17.5%) and linoleic (62.4%) as the predominant saturated, and unsaturated fatty acids respectively. Shea butter, with a melting point of 36.57°C will provide a good solid base for bakery fat production, while Telfairia seed oil with iodine value of 119.33(g/100g) will provide healthy fatty acids and the needed plasticity. A blend of Shea butter and fluted pumpkin seed oil in bakery fat production has potential to improve the nutritional and functional properties of the end products.

The present work evaluated some physicochemical properties of oil extracted from the bran of three rice varieties: Nwangeilla, Adanaama, and CP, grown across Ebonyi State, southeast Nigeria. Oil was isolated from rice bran using solvent extraction, and analyzed for peroxide, saponification, iodine, and free fatty acid (FFA) values; smoke, flash, and fire points; oil yield; density; and fatty acid profile, using standard methods. Results revealed that CP rice bran oil recorded the highest FFA (2.83%) and peroxide (3.57 meq/kg) values. The highest oil yield (13.45%) was recorded for Adanaama oil while the highest smoke (257oC), flash (280oC) and fire (310oC) points were recorded for Nwangeilla oil. The smoke point, fire point, FFA and peroxide values of Nwangeilla oil were similar to those of Adanaama oil. Saponification and iodine values ranged from 185-188 mgKOH/g and 98-107g l2/100g respectively and were within Codex Standard for rice bran oil. In terms of fatty acid composition, Nwangeilla oil had the highest level of saturated fatty acids (27.37%) while CP and Adanaama had the highest and similar amounts of MUFA (42.52 and 42.31% respectively) and PUFA (33.17 and 33.31% respectively). In all three-rice bran oil studied, oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid, ranging from 39–41%; followed by linoleic acid (30–31%), and lastly by palmitic acid (21%). Linolenic acid (C18:3) was also identified in all samples and ranged from 1.23–2.08% with CP oil recording the highest C18:3 value, and Nwangeilla oil the lowest. Findings of this work point to the untapped opportunities within Nigeria’s rice bran oil sector.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of ultrasonication and solvent types on oil extraction and biodiesel production from date palm kernels. Three solvent types, hexane, isopropyl alcohol and ethanol, were used for the oil extraction and ultrasound was applied for 5 min to 25 min at five levels using an ultrasonic dismembrator. Biodiesel was produced using transesterification of oils with methanol and potassium hydroxide. The composition of the fatty acid methyl ester was determined using gas chromatography. Ultrasound-assisted hexane oil extraction provided the highest oil yield by extracting the 85 % of the total available oil present in the palm kernels. The biodiesel samples produced from oils extracted with and without ultrasonication had similar physical and chemical properties. Ultrasonication has a potential to enhance the industrial processes by reducing the oil extraction time and energy.

This research aims to investigate the potential of Nyamplung oil as a bio-based diesel engine fuel in outer islands and to achieve the optimum process of a mechanical oil extraction by using a flexible single screw extruder. Mechanical oil extraction process was selected because it has a cheaper operation cost and a green impact than a chemical extraction process. Nyamplung seeds were selected because this plant is easy to be growth in coastal areas, non-edible vegetable, and has a high fat content up to 75%. A flexible single screw extruder was selected to extract the seeds mechanically because it has simpler construction, cheaper production cost, and easier operation than a twin-screw extruder. Experiments to investigate the optimum process were conducted by varying screw configuration and operating condition. Ten screw configurations were examined to define the best performance of oil by evaluating the influence of operating conditions (barrel temperature and screw speed). The experiments to investigate the potential of Nyamplung oil as bio-based diesel engine fuel were conducted by testing its chemical properties and then comparing to diesel fuel. Generally, oil extraction yield is affected by the number, position, and pitch width of screw elements. Oil extraction yield increases as barrel temperature and screw speed are increased. It is observed that the highest oil extraction yield was 46.48%, which is obtained through screw configuration of T66/F16/I34/I34/I34/I34/F16/F10 with operating conditions of 105 °C, 25 rpm, 25 g/min while the seed moisture content was 1.67% and the average seed particle size was 5 mm. In these experiments, the chemical characteristics of Nyamplung oil before purification were 0.905 g/mL (density at 27°C), 94.128 cP (viscosity at 27 °C), 48.454 mg KOH/g of oil (acid value), 174.348 mg KOH/g of oil (saponification value), and 96.757 g I2/100 g of oil (iodine value), and the characteristics after purification were 0.879 g/mL (density at 27 °C), 55.278 cP (viscosity at 27 °C), 0.780 mg KOH/g of oil (acid value), 173.253 mg KOH/g of oil (saponification value), and 84.035 g I2/100 g of oil (iodine value). Based on the result, density, acid value, saponification value, and iodine value after purification had fulfilled biofuel requirements, but it was not for viscosity because it was more than 6 cP. Therefore, to reduce the viscosity, a preheater must be added to the diesel engine.