Abstract
BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem. Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are being developed and implemented in order to improve clinical practice related to the detection and treatment of CKD. The objective of our study was to evaluate the quality of CPGs regarding the CKD and to examine whether there are factors which influence their quality.MethodsA systematic search was conducted to identify all CPGs regarding the early diagnosis and treatment of CKD. The CPGs quality were evaluated by three reviewers using the AGREE II instrument to decide if the guidelines are recommended for their use in clinical practice.ResultsIn total, 13 CPGs were identified: five from America, six from Europe, one from Asia, and one from Oceania. Five CPGs were recommended for their use in clinical practice; since all their domains achieved the medium or high category. Furthermore, six CPGs were recommended with modifications, as the stakeholders’ involvement, applicability, and editorial independence domains were evaluated as low category. These domains, as well as the rigor of the development domain, reached the very low category in those CPGs that were not recommended for its use in clinical practice. In all CPGs, the domains with the lowest average were the stakeholder involvement and the applicability. When comparing the domains of the CPGs according to the origin, type of developer group, the checklist used during the development and the publication period, a significantly higher average in the domain stakeholder involvement was found in the CPGs from Asia and Oceania compared to the ones in Latin America. Additionally, a significantly higher average in the applicability domain was found in the CPGs developed by CPGs developer organizations compared to those developed by medical societies.ConclusionsIn total, 85% of the CPGs regarding CKD were recommended or recommended with modifications. The stakeholder involvement and applicability domains are assessed in the low category, which might affect the CPGs implementation. In order to save resources in low- and middle-income countries, an adaptation of the recommended CPGs should be considered.
Highlights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem
Clinical practice guideline (CPG) included were from Scotland [11], Spain [12], Netherlands [13], Mexico [14], Argentina [15], Chile [16], Malaysia [17], England [18], Italy [19], Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nefrología e Hipertensión (SLANH) [20], Australasia [21], United States of America (USA) [22] and United Kingdom (NICE guideline) [23]
CPGs assessment according to recommendation When comparing the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation (AGREE) II domains between the recommended CPGs and the CPGs recommended with modifications, we found a significant difference in the stakeholder involvement (74.4 ± 14.3 vs. 53.4 ± 8.2 respectively; p = 0.013), rigor of development
Summary
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is considered since 2005 a worldwide public health problem. To date, there is no evidence stating that the use of control strategies has contributed to a decrease in the incidence of CKD. The main objectives of CPGs are the identification of the population at risk of CKD, early detection, and strategies to avoid the progression of the disease. To achieve these objectives, appropriate stakeholders must get involved in the development process of CPGs, as recommended by the AGREE (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation) and its updated version, AGREE II [4, 5].
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