Abstract
Analysis of literature on avian influenza (AI) virus transmission through incubation eggs and qualitative assessment of risk of incubation egg import to the Russian Federation in the contest of veterinary and sanitary measures against avian influenza currently in place for imported products are presented. Probability of low-pathogenic AI virus transmission through poultry incubation eggs due to possible contamination of the egg and package surfaces with the said agents is indicated. Probability of AI virus transmission through commercial eggs derived from quails, turkeys, geese, chickens is shown to be high. Evidence of actual vertical transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is limited, however, it is recognized that the infection manifests by systemic lesions in the organs (bursa, thymus, spleen, heart, pancreas, kidneys, brain, trachea, lungs, adrenals and skeletal muscles). It is noted that the virus can persist on bird feathers and in bird meat for a long period. In addition, high humidity, neutral pH level and low temperature are shown to be favourable conditions for the virus survival in the ambient environment. Incubation egg movement restrictive measures are considered the most adequate for prevention of the disease spread between holdings. It is underlined that no country can guarantee the absence of the risk of avian influenza occurrence in avifauna. Anti-AI measures for incubation egg importation recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health are considered adequate for prevention of international disease spread regardless of the virus pathogenicity.
Highlights
Turnover of incubation eggs is one of the most significant factors for flock maintenance and production rates in the world poultry industry
Besides evident benefits turnover of incubation eggs is associated with risks of thransboundary spread of avian infectious diseases including avian influenza, Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease, Marek’s disease, turkey rhinotracheitis, duck hepatitis, fowl typhoid, pullorum disease, fowl cholera, mycoplasmosis and ornithosis [10]
Avian influenza virus (AI) spread in poultry [22, 28] in addition to its spread in wild birds [24] has had a significant impact on limitation of international trade in poultry products over the last few years
Summary
Turnover of incubation eggs is one of the most significant factors for flock maintenance and production rates in the world poultry industry. According to the Institute for Agricultural Market Studies’assessment incubation egg imports had increased more than twice between 2010 and 2015, from 300–330 mln up to 700 mln per year. Besides evident benefits turnover of incubation eggs is associated with risks of thransboundary spread of avian infectious diseases including avian influenza, Newcastle disease, infectious bursal disease, Marek’s disease, turkey rhinotracheitis, duck hepatitis, fowl typhoid, pullorum disease, fowl cholera, mycoplasmosis and ornithosis [10]. Avian influenza virus (AI) spread in poultry [22, 28] in addition to its spread in wild birds [24] has had a significant impact on limitation of international trade in poultry products over the last few years
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