Qualitative research in medical education

Abstract

This chapter introduces the historical background of qualitative research in medical education and its practical use in medical education and research today. The goal of qualitative research is to help us gain an understanding as to how or why certain things occur. Qualitative research seeks that understanding through observation and interviews, both of which provide insight into the research question. Qualitative research is not bound by the same restrictions of quantitative research (such as standardization of procedures to remove the influence of external variables). Qualitative researchers study phenomena in their natural setting and include everything that may impact that setting by identifying variables and how they impact the outcome. Seven qualitative research methods are presented, defined and cited in the current literature. The qualitative research methods presented include: ethnography, grounded theory, case study, phenomenology, hermeneutics, narrative research, and action research. Data collection techniques used in all of the qualitative methods are presented and defined and examples are given in current journal articles. These include: single or group interviews; focus groups; the written narrative; written responses to open-ended questions; and observations of people, events, or situations. The data-collection technique is driven by the qualitative research method chosen to complete the research. The research methodology is driven by the research question. Together these present a detailed response to the research question, rich with details of the issue being studied. Mixed method research is being used more frequently in current medical education and healthcare research so the chapter covers its definition, application and use in the current literature. Mixed method research typically uses either the Delphi method or nominal group technique to build consensus among experts. As qualitative research has become more important in all of healthcare research, it is important to understand and identify both the research methodology as well as the data collection methodology. They are both equally important in supporting the rigour and validity of research outcomes and are most effective when used together.