Abstract
Excess pesticide residues on cabbage are harmful to humans. In this study, we propose an innovative strategy for a quick and nondestructive qualitative test of lambda-cyhalothrin residues on Chinese cabbage. Spectral profiles of Chinese cabbage leaf samples with different concentrations of surface residues of lambda-cyhalothrin were collected with an Agilent Cary 630 FTIR Spectrometer. Standard normal variate (SNV), multiplicative scatter correlation (MSC), and principle component analysis (PCA) were utilized to preprocess the spectra. Then, fuzzy Foley-Sammon transformation (FFST), fuzzy linear discriminant analysis (FLDA), and fuzzy uncorrelated discriminant transformation (FUDT) were employed to extract features from the spectra data. Finally, k-nearest neighbor (kNN) was applied to classify samples according to the concentration of lambda-cyhalothrin residue. The highest identification accuracy rates of FFST, FLDA, and FUDT were 100%, 97.22%, and 100%, respectively. FUDT performed the best considering the combination of accuracy rate and required computing time. We believe that mid-infrared spectroscopy combined with fuzzy uncorrelated discriminant analysis is an effective method to accurately and quickly conduct qualitative analyses of lambda-cyhalothrin residues on Chinese cabbages. This method may have applications in other crops and other pesticide residues.
Highlights
The other three groups of samples were sprayed with lambda-cyhalothrin/water ratios of 1:500, 1:100, and 1:20
This study explored the performance of fuzzy linear discriminant analysis (FLDA)-k-nearest neighbor (kNN), fuzzy Foley-Sammon transformation (FFST)-kNN, and fuzzy uncorrelated discriminant transformation (FUDT)-kNN to qualitatively detect lambda-cyhalothrin on cabbage leaves
Mid-infrared spectroscopy combined with standard normal variate (SNV), multiplicative scatter correlation (MSC), principle component analysis (PCA), kNN, and three fuzzy feature extraction methods were successfully used to qualitatively analyze lambda-cyhalothrin residues on Chinese cabbage leaf samples
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa, Chinensis group), featuring high nutritional quality and mild flavor, has long been popular in China [1,2]. To protect the crop from pests and to increase the yield, farmers have long been using pesticides. Pyrethroids, including lambda-cyhalothrin, have been common pesticides to raise cabbage and other crops’ production [3,4]. Excess pyrethroid residue is harmful to mammals [4]
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