Quadrupedal running with a flexible torso: control and speed transitions with sums-of-squares verification

Abstract

This paper studies quadrupedal bounding in the presence of flexible torso and compliant legs with non-trivial inertia, and it proposes a method for speed transitions by sequentially composing locally stable bounding motions corresponding to different speeds. First, periodic bounding motions are generated simply by positioning the legs during flight via suitable (virtual) holonomic constraints imposed on the leg angles; at this stage, no control effort is developed on the support legs, producing efficient, nearly passive, bounding gaits. The resulting motions are then stabilized by a hybrid control law which coordinates the movement of the torso and legs in continuous time, and updates the leg touchdown angles in an event-based fashion. Finally, through sums-of-squares programming, formally verified estimates of the domain of attraction of stable fixed points are employed to realize stable speed transitions by switching among different bounding gaits in a sequential fashion.