Abstract
Schwinger’s boson solution for massless fermions in QED in 1+1D has been applied and generalized to quarks interacting in QED and QCD interactions, leading to stable and confined open-string QED and QCD boson excitations of the quark-QCD-QED system in 1+1D. Just as the open-string QCD excitations in 1+1D can be the idealization of QCD mesons with a flux tube in 3+1D, so the open-string QED excitations in 1+1D may likewise be the idealization of QED mesons with masses in the tens of MeV region, corresponding possibly to the anomalous X17 and E38 particles observed recently. A further search for bound states of quarks interacting in the QED interaction alone leads to the examination on the stability of the QED neutron, consisting of two d quarks and one u quark. Theoretically, the QED neutron has been found to be stable and estimated to have a mass of 44.5 MeV, whereas the analogous QED proton is unstable, leading to a long-lived QED neutron that may be a good candidate for the dark matter.
Highlights
IntroductionThe quark-QCD-QED vacuum is the lowest-energy state of the quark-QCD-QED system with quarks filling up the (hidden) negative-energy Dirac sea and interacting with the QCD (quantum chromodynamical) interaction and the QED (quantum electrodynamical) interaction
The quark-QCD-QED vacuum is the lowest-energy state of the quark-QCD-QED system with quarks filling up the negative-energy Dirac sea and interacting with the QCD interaction and the QED interaction
The question of our central interest is whether there may exist stable QED excitations of the quark-QCD-QED system showing up as QED mesons in the mass region of many tens of MeV, together with the related QED neutron with d-u-d quarks stabilized by the QED interaction
Summary
The quark-QCD-QED vacuum is the lowest-energy state of the quark-QCD-QED system with quarks filling up the (hidden) negative-energy Dirac sea and interacting with the QCD (quantum chromodynamical) interaction and the QED (quantum electrodynamical) interaction. The question of our central interest is whether there may exist stable QED excitations of the quark-QCD-QED system showing up as QED mesons in the mass region of many tens of MeV, together with the related QED neutron with d-u-d quarks stabilized by the QED interaction. Such a question may appear preposterous as one can surmise from the following debate between a Wise Guy and an Explorer. A stable collective excitation of the fermion-QED system occurs, when the disturbance Aμ gives rise to the current jμ which in turn leads to the gauge field Aμ self-consistently.
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