Abstract
The properties of dense matter in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) are delineated through equations of state constrained by the neutron star observations. The two solar mass constraint, the radius constraint of ≃11–13 km, and the causality constraint on the speed of sound, are used to develop the picture of hadron–quark continuity in which hadronic matter continuously transforms into quark matter. A unified equation of state at zero temperature and β-equilibrium is constructed by a phenomenological interpolation between nuclear and quark matter equations of state.
Highlights
The study of the phase structure in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) at large baryon density has been a difficult problem, partly because the lattice Monte Carlo simulations based on the QCD action are not at work, and partly because many-body problems with strong interactions are very complex in theoretical treatments
Since the domain relevant for these physics is the baryon density of n B ∼ 1 − 10n0 (n0 ' 0.16 fm−3 : nuclear saturation density) or baryon chemical potential of μ B ∼ 1 − 2 GeV, we can use the neutron star constraints to explore the properties of matter beyond the nuclear regime
Based on equations of state supposed from the M-R and causality constraints, we will develop the picture of hadron–quark continuity in which hadronic matter continuously transforms into quark matter without experiencing thermodynamic phase transitions
Summary
The study of the phase structure in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) at large baryon density has been a difficult problem, partly because the lattice Monte Carlo simulations based on the QCD action are not at work, and partly because many-body problems with strong interactions are very complex in theoretical treatments. The best source of information for dense QCD is the physics of neutron stars from which one can extract useful insights into QCD equations of state [1], as well as the transport properties in matter. Based on equations of state supposed from the M-R and causality constraints, we will develop the picture of hadron–quark continuity in which hadronic matter continuously transforms into quark matter without experiencing thermodynamic phase transitions. Such continuity picture was developed in the context of the crossover from the superfluid hadronic phase to the color-flavor-locked superconducting phase [9]. Universe 2018, 4, 42 while, in our approach, we reach the continuity picture from the demand to satisfy the neutron star constraints
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