Abstract
We review the transport properties of the strongly interacting quark-gluon plasma (QGP) created in heavy-ion collisions at ultrarelativistic energies, i.e. out-of equilibrium, and compare them to the equilibrium properties. The description of the strongly interacting (non-perturbative) QGP in equilibrium is based on the effective propagators and couplings from the Dynamical QuasiParticle Model (DQPM) that is matched to reproduce the equation-of-state of the partonic system above the deconfinement temperature T c from lattice QCD. We study the transport coefficients such as the ratio of shear viscosity and bulk viscosity over entropy density, diffusion coefficients, electric conductivity etc versus temperature T and baryon chemical potential μ B . Based on a microscopic transport description of heavy-ion collisions we, furthermore, discuss which observables are sensitive to the QGP formation and its properties.
Highlights
Numerous achievements of heavy-ion collision (HIC) experiments have dramatically changed the theoretical understanding of the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) matter properties, especially the deconfined QCD matter created in the central interaction volume at relativistic energies
We mention that an out-of equilibrium study on the μB dependence of the QGP - created in HICs - has been performed within the parton-hadron-string dynamics (PHSD) transport approach, extended in the partonic sector by explicitly calculating the total and differential partonic scattering cross-sections based on the dynamical quasi-particle model (DQPM) and evaluated at the actual temperature T and baryon chemical potential μB in each individual spacetime cell where partonic scattering takes place [24, 66]
We have presented recent results on the transport properties of the QCD at finite chemical potential
Summary
Numerous achievements of heavy-ion collision (HIC) experiments have dramatically changed the theoretical understanding of the QCD matter properties, especially the deconfined QCD matter created in the central interaction volume at relativistic energies. The QCD phase diagram can be understood from the thermodynamic point of view in terms of the temperature T and baryon chemical potential μB, where the most unexplored region is located at moderate temperatures and relatively high μB. This region is of particular interest in the Beam Energy Scan programs at RHIC [5] as well as the future experimental program of FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research) [6] at GSI and the NICA(Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility) facility at JINR [7]. The evaluation of the transport coefficients at finite μB depends on the underlying microscopic theory which describes the interaction between quarks and gluons, but we face a fundamental problem to construct and evaluate such a theory at finite T and μB from first principles
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