Abstract
(1) Background: The relatively high prevalence of peri-implantitis (PI) and the lack of a standard method for decontamination of the dental implant surface have pushed us to conduct further research in the field. Bacterial biofilms were found to play a primordial role in the etiology of PI. Therefore, the aim is to evaluate the efficacy of a laser-assisted elimination of biofilm protocol in the removal of a multi-species biofilm on titanium surfaces. (2) Methods: In total, 52 titanium discs (grade 4) were used. The study group consisted of 13 titanium disks contaminated with multi-species biofilms and subsequently irradiated with the laser (T + BF + L). The control groups consisted of the following types of titanium disks: 13 contaminated with multi-species biofilms (T + BF), 13 sterile and irradiated (T + L), 13 sterile and untreated (T). Q-Switch Nd:YAG laser Irradiation parameters were the following: energy density equal to 0.597 J/cm2 per pulse, power equal to 270 milliwatt per pulse, 2.4 mm of spot diameter, and 10 Hz repetition rate for pulse duration of six nanoseconds (ns). The laser irradiation was made during 2 s of total time in non-contact and at 0.5 mm away from the titanium disc surface. After treatment, presence of biofilms on the disks was evaluated by staining with crystal violet (CV), which was measured as optical density at six hundred thirty nm, and statistical analyses were done. (3) Results: the optical density values were 0.004 ± 0.004 for the study group T + BF + L, 0.120 ± 0.039 for group T + BF, 0.006 ± 0.003 for group T + L, and 0.007 ± 0.007 for group T. For the study group, laser treatment resulted in a total elimination of the biofilm, with mean values statistically significantly lower than those of contaminated titanium surfaces and similar to those of sterile titanium surfaces. (4) Conclusions: Our irradiation protocol provided a significant elimination of the multi-species biofilm on titanium surfaces. Laser treated titanium surfaces were biofilm-free, similar to the sterile ones.
Highlights
The common treatment after tooth loss is the placement of a dental implant [1]
The OD630 nm value obtained for the study group T + BF + L was statistically significantly lower than for the T + BF group
The OD630 nm value obtained for the study group T + BF + L was similar to that obtained for the different control groups with sterile discs
Summary
The common treatment after tooth loss is the placement of a dental implant [1]. The survival of the placed dental implant depends on several criteria such as the absence of mobility, the lack of a radiolucent image in the peri-implant tissue, a bone loss of almost 200 μm each year following the first 12 months of placement, the absence of any chronic and irreversible signs and the absence of Materials 2020, 13, 1573; doi:10.3390/ma13071573 www.mdpi.com/journal/materialsMaterials 2020, 13, 1573 any symptoms [2]. The survival of the placed dental implant depends on several criteria such as the absence of mobility, the lack of a radiolucent image in the peri-implant tissue, a bone loss of almost 200 μm each year following the first 12 months of placement, the absence of any chronic and irreversible signs and the absence of Materials 2020, 13, 1573; doi:10.3390/ma13071573 www.mdpi.com/journal/materials. Many studies have been focusing on the elimination of the biofilm adherent to the implant surface, which will result in a recession of the inflammation around the implant. This elimination, cleaning or decontamination of the dental implants is hard to obtain in the micro and nano treated surfaces
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