Abstract
Magnetic monopoles and Q-balls are examples of topological and nontopological solitons, respectively. A new soliton state with both topological and nontopological charges is shown to also exist, given a monopole sector with a portal coupling to an additional scalar field S with a global U(1) symmetry. This new state, the Q-monopole-ball, is more stable than an isolated Q-ball made of only S particles, and it could be stable against fissioning into monopoles and free S particles. Stable Q-monopole-balls can contain large magnetic charges, providing a novel nongravitational mechanism for binding like-charged monopoles together. They could be produced from a phase transition in the early universe and account for all dark matter.
Highlights
Magnetic flux, in detectors or materials that record the tracks of monopoles [14,15,16], and at the Large Hadron Collider [17, 18] through direct production from ion collisions
A new soliton state with both topological and nontopological charges is shown to exist, given a monopole sector with a portal coupling to an additional scalar field S with a global U(1) symmetry. This new state, the Q-monopole-ball, is more stable than an isolated Q-ball made of only S particles, and it could be stable against fissioning into monopoles and free S particles
In a theory with an unbroken global symmetry and a spontaneously broken gauge symmetry that admits monopoles, it is possible to obtain a macroscopic state that is charged both topologically and nontopologically. This is achieved by introducing a quartic scalar interaction between the scalar field of the global symmetry and the scalar field breaking the gauge symmetry
Summary
If |Ω| is too small, the quartic λφ term dominates Ueff and makes it negative, such that there is no Q-ball solution for which the field rolls towards the origin.. If |Ω| is too small, the quartic λφ term dominates Ueff and makes it negative, such that there is no Q-ball solution for which the field rolls towards the origin.3 This condition is derived by setting f = 0 and finding a positive solution smax for ∂Ueff/∂s = 0, demanding Ueff(s = smax) > 0. One can think of the s field taking a long time to roll to the origin as Ω saturates this limit, resulting in a larger radius and charge for the Q-ball.
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