Abstract
Between 1996 and 2006, the US Centers for Disease Control reported that the only category of food-borne infections increasing in frequency were those caused by members of the genus Vibrio. The Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio vulnificus is a ubiquitous inhabitant of estuarine waters, and is the number one cause of seafood-related deaths in the US. Many V. vulnificus isolates have been studied, and it has been shown that two genetically distinct subtypes, distinguished by 16S rDNA and other gene polymorphisms, are associated predominantly with either environmental or clinical isolation. While local genetic differences between the subtypes have been probed, only the genomes of clinical isolates have so far been completely sequenced. In order to better understand V. vulnificus as an agent of disease and to identify the molecular components of its virulence mechanisms, we have completed whole genome shotgun sequencing of three diverse environmental genotypes using a pyrosequencing approach. V. vulnificus strain JY1305 was sequenced to a depth of 33×, and strains E64MW and JY1701 were sequenced to lesser depth, covering approximately 99.9% of each genome. We have performed a comparative analysis of these sequences against the previously published sequences of three V. vulnificus clinical isolates. We find that the genome of V. vulnificus is dynamic, with 1.27% of genes in the C-genotype genomes not found in the E- genotype genomes. We identified key genes that differentiate between the genomes of the clinical and environmental genotypes. 167 genes were found to be specifically associated with environmental genotypes and 278 genes with clinical genotypes. Genes specific to the clinical strains include components of sialic acid catabolism, mannitol fermentation, and a component of a Type IV secretory pathway VirB4, as well as several other genes with potential significance for human virulence. Genes specific to environmental strains included several that may have implications for the balance between self-preservation under stress and nutritional competence.
Highlights
Of all seafood-associated pathogens, none are as critical as those of the genus Vibrio, and of all food-borne pathogens, the US Centers for Disease Control reported that only infections by those of this genus increased between 1996 and 2006 [1]
Genome Sequencing and Assembly 188,710,063 nucleotide bases were generated for V. vulnificus strain JY1305
Understanding the overall significance of these genotypic Gene Ontology (GO) functional differences will require further investigation, we propose that these differentiating functional categories may be relevant to the SPANC hypothesis which describes the balance between self-preservation and nutritional competence in bacterial genomes [32,33]
Summary
Of all seafood-associated pathogens, none are as critical as those of the genus Vibrio, and of all food-borne pathogens, the US Centers for Disease Control reported that only infections by those of this genus increased (by 78%) between 1996 and 2006 [1]. In the 10-year period between 2000 and 2009, 303 cases involving oyster ingestion occurred in the United States, of which 148 were fatal (Oliver, unpublished). Most infections (,95%) occur in individuals who are immunocompromised, have diabetes, or who have underlying diseases or syndromes that result in elevated serum iron levels, primarily liver cirrhosis secondary to alcohol abuse/alcoholism [4]. These relatively common conditions put a large number of persons at risk for serious injury or death from V. vulnificus, and we would expect to see a far greater number of cases than are typically reported each year.
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