Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is prevalent among people with long-term diabetes mellitus (DM) and remains the leading cause of visual impairment in working-aged people. DR is related to chronic low-level inflammatory reactions. Pyroptosis is an emerging type of inflammatory cell death mediated by gasdermin D (GSDMD), NOD-like receptors and inflammatory caspases that promote interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 release. In addition, the retinal neurovascular unit (NVU) is the functional basis of the retina. Recent studies have shown that pyroptosis may participate in the destruction of retinal NVU cells in simulated hyperglycemic DR environments. In this review, we will clarify the importance of pyroptosis in the retinal NVU during the development of DR.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent metabolic disorder syndrome causing multiple systemic complications [1]
This review describes the currently available studies examining the effect of pyroptosis in the retinal neurovascular unit (NVU) on Diabetic retinopathy (DR)
The proper function of every element of this retinal NVU is critical for normal retinal function
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent metabolic disorder syndrome causing multiple systemic complications [1]. According to the International Diabetes Federation, the global incidence of DM will increase in the few decades, from an estimated 9.3% in 2019 to 10.2% by 2030 and 10.9% by 2045 [2]. Long-term hyperglycemia can cause characteristic pathological changes in the retina, such as thickening of the basement membrane of the retinal microvessels, loss of vascular cells, increased vascular permeability, and neovascularization [6]. DR, diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative DR; IRMAs, intra-retinal microvascular anomalies; PDR, proliferative DR. Neurons, glia, and blood cells in the retina are linked together to form an important structure named the retinal neurovascular unit (NVU, Figure 1A) [10]. This review describes the currently available studies examining the effect of pyroptosis in the retinal NVU on DR. We will focus on the retinal NVU, pyroptosis, and the effect of the latter on the former
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