Abstract
This study presents the results of the biomass pyrolysis process focusing on biochar production and its potential energetic (as solid fuel) and material (as adsorbent) applications. Three kinds of biomass waste were investigated: wheat straw, spent coffee grounds, and brewery grains. The pyrolysis process was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere at 400 and 500 °C (residence time of 20 min). A significant increase in the carbon content was observed in the biochars, e.g., from 45% to 73% (at 400 °C) and 77% (at 500 °C) for spent coffee grounds. In addition, the structure and morphology were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Thermal properties were studied using a simultaneous thermal analysis under an oxidising atmosphere. The chemical activation was completed using KOH. The sorption properties of the obtained biochars were tested using chromium ion (Cr3+) adsorption from liquid solution. The specific surface area and average pore diameter of each sample were determined using the BET method. Finally, it was found that selected biochars can be applied as adsorbent or a fuel. In detail, brewery grains-activated carbon had the highest surface area, wheat straw-activated carbon adsorbed the highest amount of Cr3+, and wheat straw chars presented the best combustion properties.
Highlights
During the 22 and 23 April 2021, leaders of 40 countries attended the Leaders Summit on Climate held by President of United States of America
Biochars obtained by the low-temperature pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass wastes can have a very wide range of applications
The obtained biochars had a significant increase in carbon content and lower O/C ratio
Summary
During the 22 and 23 April 2021, leaders of 40 countries attended the Leaders Summit on Climate held by President of United States of America. One of the key points of the meeting was bringing the United States back into the Paris Agreement. A new climate target was established to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by the United States in 2030 by 50–52% compared to the emission level in 2005. The European Union announced that net greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced by at least 55% by 2030, leading to the achievement of a net zero target by 2050. The USA is planning to achieve new climate goals by reducing industry carbon pollution by promoting carbon capture and supporting the use of renewable energy and waste conversion to power industrial facilities [1]. The world environmental policy brings us to the point where the renewable energy source (RES)
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