Abstract
Ecklonia cava (E. cava) can alleviate diet-induced obesity in animal models, and phlorotannins contained in E. cava help prevent hypertrophy-induced adipocyte differentiation. Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is well known to induce hypertrophy of visceral fat and to trigger inflammation substantially. While the relationship between RAGE and obesity and inflammation has been well-characterized, few studies describe the effects of phlorotannin on RAGE. In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity effects of pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol (PPB)—a single compound from the ethanoic extract of E. cava—mediated by a reduction in the inflammation caused by RAGE and RAGE ligands. In visceral fat, PPB (i) significantly inhibited RAGE ligands, (ii) reduced the expression of RAGE, and (iii) reduced the binding ratio between RAGE and RAGE ligands. Under lower expression of RAGE, RAGE ligands and their cognate binding, the differentiation of macrophages found in visceral fat into M1-type—the pro-inflammatory form of this immune cell—was reduced. As the M1-type macrophage decreased, pro-inflammatory cytokines, which cause obesity, decreased in visceral fat. The results of this study highlight the anti-obesity effects of PPB, with the effects mediated by reductions in RAGE, RAGE ligands, and inflammation.
Highlights
Obesity is a common phenomenon in modern society due, at least in part, to over-consumption and nutrient imbalance [1]
Administration of PPB resulted in a decrease weight been no reports to date describing an anti-obesity effect of PPB mediated through receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and control in the diet-induced obesity (DIO) animal model, an observation that seemed to be accompanied by a reduction in the size of inflammation leading to an increase in the size of adipose tissue
PPB single compound contained in E. cava exerted anti-obesity effects by reducing the expression of RAGE and the secretion of its ligands
Summary
Obesity is a common phenomenon in modern society due, at least in part, to over-consumption and nutrient imbalance [1]. RAGE ligands expressed from hypertrophic adipocytes induce the infiltration of macrophages into fat tissue and differentiate into pro-inflammatory macrophages (i.e., M1-type) [11]. There is a lack of studies characterizing the potential anti-obesity effects of PPB, especially its role in regulating hypertrophic adipocytes mediated by RAGE ligands and RAGE and their ability to control macrophage differentiation. We investigated the anti-obesity effects of PPB (i.e., modification of adipocyte size) mediated by its ability to impact the expression of RAGE ligands and RAGE and the expression of inflammatory cytokines in visceral fat. We expected the ameliorating effects of PPB on adipocyte hypertrophy to be mediated by modulating the expression levels of RAGE ligands, RAGE, and inflammatory cytokines
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