Abstract
For the first time, a composite of ferroelectric antimony sulfoiodide (SbSI) nanowires and non-ferroelectric titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles was applied as a pyroelectric nanogenerator. SbSI nanowires were fabricated under ultrasonic treatment. Sonochemical synthesis was performed in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles. The mean lateral dimension da = 68(2) nm and the length La = 2.52(7) µm of the SbSI nanowires were determined. TiO2 nanoparticles served as binders in the synthesized nanocomposite, which allowed for the preparation of dense films via the simple drop-casting method. The SbSI–TiO2 nanocomposite film was sandwiched between gold and indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. The Curie temperature of TC = 294(2) K was evaluated and confirmed to be consistent with the data reported in the literature for ferroelectric SbSI. The SbSI–TiO2 device was subjected to periodic thermal fluctuations. The measured pyroelectric signals were highly correlated with the temperature change waveforms. The magnitude of the pyroelectric current was found to be a linear function of the temperature change rate. The high value of the pyroelectric coefficient p = 264(7) nC/(cm2·K) was determined for the SbSI–TiO2 nanocomposite. When the rate of temperature change was equal dT/dt = 62.5 mK/s, the maximum and average surface power densities of the SbSI–TiO2 nanogenerator reached 8.39(2) and 2.57(2) µW/m2, respectively.
Highlights
Efficiency in thermal energy harvesting is an important challenge to produce green energy for sustainable development
The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) survey proved that titanium dioxide constituted 29.9% of the total mass of the nanocomposite, which is in good agreement with the initial amount of TiO2 (30%) used for material preparation
TiO2 nanoparticles served as fillers in the synthesized nanocomposite, which allowed for preparing dense films via a facile drop-casting method
Summary
Efficiency in thermal energy harvesting is an important challenge to produce green energy for sustainable development. Most of the waste heat generated in industry is available at low temperatures, generally below 373–503 K [1]. Low-temperature waste heat is especially difficult to recover successfully using currently available technologies [2]. Thermal energy can be converted into electric energy by applying electrochemical systems [3], thermogalvanic cells [4,5], thermoelectric [6,7,8], thermomagnetic [9,10], and pyroelectric generators [11,12,13]. All mentioned technologies suffer from low efficiency and limited reliability. New materials and engineering concepts must be proposed and developed in the field of low-temperature waste heat recovery to ensure their future large-scale and commercial application
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