Abstract

The deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) in a large scale will increase load demand and the burden on the public grid. However, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) service is promising and can bring benefits to the public grid operators and to the EV users, who will be rewarded. The energy system, denoted as photovoltaic (PV)-powered charging station (PVCS), includes PV sources, stationary storage system, and grid connection as power sources. The goal is to study the energy management and to analyze the energy cost of the PVCS with the implementation of V2G service, taking into account the interaction of EV users with the human-machine interface. Simulation results show that the proposed energy management satisfies the EV user demands under V2G service, proving its feasibility. The energy cost analysis highlights the benefits of the V2G service, where the variable power scenario can make profits and the energy discharged of EVs into the grid is 75% of the total energy injected into the grid in peak hours.

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