Abstract
Environmental benefits lie in halting direct air pollution and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In contrast to thermal vehicles, electric vehicles (EV) have zero tailpipe emissions, but their contribution in reducing global air pollution is highly dependent on the energy source they have been charged with. Thus, the energy system depicted in this paper is a photovoltaic (PV)-powered EV charging station based on a DC microgrid and includes stationary storage and public grid connection as power source backups. The goal is to identify the preliminary requirements and feasibility conditions for PV-powered EV charging stations leading to PV benefits growth. Simulation results of different scenarios prove that slow charging with long park time could increase PV benefits for EVs and may reduce the charging price, therefore, EV users should be more willing to stay at charging stations. Whereas, for fast charging, EV users should accept the high charging price since it depends on the public energy grid. Energy system distribution and EV’s energy distribution are well presented.
Highlights
Charging station location is in Compiegne, France, where the yearly average solar irradiation is not very high; PV panel is Sunpower SPR X21-345 with 21% efficiency under standardtest testconditions conditions (STC); Mounting position is fixed and optimized as follows: slope angle 38◦ and azimuth angle −2◦ ; System loss was estimated at 14% system loss; Lead-acid batteries were considered for the stationary storage and its limits were chosen as 20% and 80% for SOCS_min and SOCS_max respectively
electric vehicles (EV) in slow mode. the EV comes to charge in fast mode and the stationary has reached power when an comes to charge in fast mode and the stationary storage has reached the limit of 7 kW, the public grid supplies the EVs, at 10:00–10:10 and 15:00–15:10
Regarding scenario 2c versus 2d, where three EVs are charged in slow mode and two EVs are charged in fast mode, it is shown that EVs charged in fast mode depend mainly on the public grid and stationary storage energy while EVs charged in slow mode depend on PV energy
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Uncontrolled the EVcharging: starts charging until its battery until is fully charged or the EV user unplugs their vehicle [8]. This framework can be expressed as charged or the EV user unplugs their vehicle [8]. This is the worst scenario since it charges between the EV users and the electrical grid This is the worst scenario since it charges the EV with the maximum power to be fully charged in the shortest time imposing the EV with the maximum power to be fully charged in the shortest time imposing difficulties on the grid and peak load [11]. Average charging: the EV is charged at constant power depending on the park time
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