Puzzling differences in bismuth and lead plasmas: Evidence for the significant role of neutrals in cathodic vacuum arcs

Abstract

Time-dependent ion charge state measurements for Pb and Bi cathodic arc plasmas revealed unexpected differences: the mean Bi ion charge state dropped much stronger and with a longer time constant. It is shown that the differences in thermal conductivity and vapor pressure led to much higher neutral density for Bi, which in turn can cause charge exchange collisions. The results have implications beyond Pb and Bi plasmas: most importantly, they imply that the “true” ion charge states, as emitted from the cathode spots, are higher than what is generally measured and published.