Abstract
AbstractDespite being popular among amateur and professional lepidopterologists and posing great opportunities for evolutionary research, the phylogenetic relationships of tiger moths (Erebidae: Arctiinae) are not well resolved. Here we provide the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the subtribe Arctiina with the basic aim of clarifying the phylogenetic position of the Wood Tiger Moth Parasemia plantaginis Hübner, a model species in evolutionary ecology. We sampled 89 species in 52 genera within Arctiina s.l., 11 species of Callimorphina and two outgroup species. We sequenced up to seven nuclear genes (CAD, GAPDH, IDH, MDH, Ef1α, RpS5, Wingless) and one mitochondrial gene (COI) including the barcode region (a total of 5915 bp). Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference resulted in a well‐resolved phylogenetic hypothesis, consisting of four clades within Arctiina s.s. and a clade comprising spilosomine species in addition to Callimorphina and outgroups. Based on our results, we present a new classification, where we consider the Diacrisia clade, Chelis clade, Apantesis clade, Micrarctia Seitz and Arctia clade as valid genera within Arctiina s.s., whereas Rhyparia Hübner syn.n. and Rhyparioides Butler syn.n. are synonymized with Diacrisia Hübner; Neoarctia Neumoegen & Dyar syn.n., Tancrea Püngeler syn.n., Hyperborea Grum‐Grshimailo syn.n., Palearctia Ferguson syn.n., Holoarctia Ferguson syn.n., Sibirarctia Dubatolov syn.n. and Centrarctia Dubatolov syn.n. are synonymized with Chelis Rambur; Grammia Rambur syn.n., Orodemnias Wallengren syn.n., Mimarctia Neumoegen & Dyar syn.n., Notarctia Smith syn.n. and Holarctia Smith syn.n. are synonymized with Apantesis Walker; and Epicallia Hübner syn.n., Eucharia Hübner syn.n., Hyphoraia Hübner syn.n., Parasemia Hübner syn.n., Pericallia Hübner syn.n., Nemeophila Stephens syn.n., Ammobiota Wallengren syn.n., Platarctia Packard syn.n., Chionophila Guenée syn.n., Eupsychoma Grote syn.n., Gonerda Moore syn.n., Platyprepia Dyar syn.n., Preparctia Hampson syn.n., Oroncus Seitz syn.n., Acerbia Sotavalta syn.n., Pararctia Sotavalta syn.n., Borearctia Dubatolov syn.n., Sinoarctia Dubatolov syn.n. and Atlantarctia Dubatolov syn.n. are synonymized with Arctia Schrank, leading to 33 new genus‐level synonymies. Our focal species Arctia plantaginis comb.n. is placed as sister to Arctia festiva comb.n., another widespread aposematic species showing wing pattern variation. Our molecular hypothesis can be used as a basis when adding more species to the tree and tackling interesting evolutionary questions, such as the evolution of warning signalling and mimicry in tiger moths.
Highlights
Tiger moths are a highly diverse group consisting of about 11 000 species worldwide
Parasemia together with other genera putatively related to Arctia belong to Arctiina s.s., and, Fig. 1. (A–E) Female Arctia plantaginis (A), male A. plantaginis colour variants (B, C), male A. plantaginis ssp. caucasica (D) and female of the sister species Arctia festiva (E) on natural backgrounds. [Photographs were taken by Bibiana Rojas (A–C), KR (D) and Zdenek Hanc (E).]
Most codon positions of each gene were kept in their own partition, except for the following, which were combined: position 3 of carbamoylphosphate synthase domain protein (CAD) and position 3 of malate dehydrogenase (MDH); position 2 of CAD and position 2 of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH); position 3 of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), position 3 of IDH and position 3 of WGS; position 2 of GAPDH, position 2 of MDH; and position 1 of MDH, position 1 of ribosomal protein subunit S5 (RpS5) and position 1 and 2 of WGS
Summary
Tiger moths are a highly diverse group consisting of about 11 000 species worldwide. Of these, approximately 4000 species in 113 genera belong to the subtribe Arctiina (Erebidae: Arctiinae: Arctiini: Arctiina s.l.) (see Weller et al, 2009 and references therein). The present classification of Arctiina s.l. is based mainly on detailed studies based on morphological characters (Dubatolov & de Vos, 2010; Lafontaine & Schmidt, 2010; Fibiger et al, 2011; Vincent & Laguerre, 2014). These data have not been subjected to rigorous phylogenetic analyses
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