Abstract
Putrescine (Put) is the starting point of the polyamines (PAs) pathway and the most common PA in higher plants. It is synthesized by two main pathways (from ornithine and arginine), but recently a third pathway from citrulline was reported in sesame plants. There is strong evidence that Put may play a crucial role not only in plant growth and development but also in the tolerance responses to the major stresses affecting crop production. The main strategies to investigate the involvement of PA in plant systems are based on the application of competitive inhibitors, exogenous PAs treatments, and the most efficient approaches based on mutant and transgenic plants. Thus, in this article, the recent advances in understanding the role of this metabolite in plant growth promotion and protection against abiotic and biotic stresses will be discussed to provide an overview for future research.
Highlights
Put is the central product of the PA biosynthetic pathway and the most abundant PA in nature, being mainly synthesized by two pathways derived from ornithine (Orn) or from arginine (Arg) as a result of the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17) or arginine decarboxylase (ADC, EC 4.1.1.19), respectively [9]
The Arg pathway includes the following steps: (i) arginine decarboxylation to agmatine catalyzed by ADC; (ii) deimination of agmatine by agmatine iminohydrolase (AIH, EC 3.5.3.12) to form N-carbamoylputrescine (NCP) and NH3, and (iii) hydrolysis of NCP to Put by Ncarbamoylputrescine amidohydrolase (CPA, EC 3.5.1.53), releasing NH3 and CO2 [11]
This comprehensive review of PAs metabolism is mainly focused on the findings that were made about the involvement of Put in plant growth and development as well as adaptation responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses
Summary
Polyamines (PAs) are small, low molecular weight, and ubiquitous polycations found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells [1,2]. Sci. 2022, 23, 2971 specific manner [13] This gene duplication seems to be related to the differential regulation of gene responsiveness [14].inAsesame third pathway to date only sesame(Cit) inpathway uncovered to date only involves uncovered the conversion of Arg to in citrulline volves the conversion of. The numerous biological interactions where PAs are as plant defense Theirtheir cationic of their biological involved makes itresponses difficult to determine role nature in plantexplains growth most and development. PAs are molecules involved makes is a signal the molecule by itself, and interacts with numerous such asit difficult to determine their role in plant growth andPut development. PA may play a distinctive role in plant metabolome and was positively linked with the gene expression for abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and transcriptome, as it was reviewed by. Put in plant growth and development, tolerance, and resistance against the major abiotic and biotic stresses to provide a basis for future research on Put action in plant systems
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