Abstract
The paper reports the global applicability of adsorption as one of the most sustainable processes that can be technologically transform into a factorial model in mitigating heavy metals from wastewaters. Adsorption has received greater attention among many techniques on the verge of declining interest, primarily due to ecological, economic and waste by-product management issues. This perspective adsorption method is the key focus of the review by exploring the latest research works progressing globally regarding adsorbent materials with tunable adsorption capacity and selectivity for metal ions and promising optimal appreciation of both ecology and economy. The different adsorption parameters involved in the adsorption and its influence on the entire process are validated through the literature survey. The different ways in which the adsorption mechanisms are predicted concerning pH and various spectroscopic studies are also discussed. This review paper covers a broad spectrum of adsorption data of operational parameters that can influence the adsorption process's rate, prediction of adsorption mechanism employing the spectral analysis and the modern adsorbents with more significant activity for the metal ions. The comparison tables are prepared systematically by introducing current adsorbents, adsorption capacity, kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic aspects to reveal the complete adsorption profile of the introduced adsorbents. Adsorbent materials are classified based on the trending interest of prevailing researchers. Accordingly, the paper gives a comprehensive and informative study on adsorption till today.
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