Abstract
The opioid epidemic continues to create various public health challenges in the United States. Non-medical use of opioids is increasing at alarming rates and has been glamorized through popular media including television, movies, and music. One particular area of concern is the promotion in hip-hop music of the use of codeine mixed with promethazine, also known as “lean.” In recent years, this drug combination has proven to be lethal with many hip-hop artists dying from overdoses involving lean while others have suffered from adverse health consequences such as seizures. Because the hip-hop music audience is primarily comprised of youth who often represent vulnerable and social disadvantaged populations, it is imperative to develop interventions that counteract the negative influence of such songs. The purpose of this study is to review the lyrics of popular hip-hop songs that mention lean and determine common themes within these songs that can be used to guide future interventions. To identify these themes, the lyrics of 40 hip-hop songs were evaluated by four independent coders. 8 themes emerged and the frequency in which these themes appeared in the song lyrics was calculated. These themes are the use of lean with another drug (37.5%), the general mention of lean without a connection to a behavior, activity, emotion, or another substance (27.5%), the use of lean during sexual activity (15%), the use of lean with soda (12.5%), the use of lean to help with sleep (5%), the use of lean as an alternative to alcohol (5%), the use of lean while driving (5%), and the use of lean for mental distress (5%). These results demonstrate that there are various aspects of lean use that require further investigation. Furthermore, these results serve as a call to action for public health practitioners to create culturally tailored interventions to address this issue.
Highlights
The opioid crisis is one of the major public health issues affecting the United States
The artists were selected from an article titled “40 of The Best Hip Hop Songs That Mention Lean” which was published by XXL a reputable hip hop magazine (Rys, 2014)
The theme that was most prevalent in the songs was the use of lean with another drug with 37.5% of the songs
Summary
The opioid crisis is one of the major public health issues affecting the United States. Of the 70,200 drug overdose deaths in 2017, 68% involved an opioid (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2019). The alarming rates of overdose deaths and the increase in the use of prescription opioid drugs for non-medical reasons has left the public health community scrambling to understand this problem and create sustainable, effective solutions (McCabe et al, 2017). In 2014, a total of 10.3 million people reported using prescription opioids for non-medical purposes. There has been an increase in the promotion and glamorization of opioid drug use in hip-hop songs (Peters, 2003). Numerous hip-hop artists have died from opioid drug overdoses or suffered adverse side effects such as seizures. Public health practitioners must work to understand the relationship between hip-hop and increased opioid use.
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