Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between the erythrocyte concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP, NAD+, NADP+ and adenylate energy charge (AEC) and their metabolites: inosine (Ino), hypoxanthine (Hyp), uric acid (UA), selected blood antioxidants: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) of goats during the periparturient period. The study was conducted on 12 clinically healthy pregnant goats (Capra hircus) - 75% genotype of the Polish noble white aged between 2-3 years. Blood was taken from the external jugular vein early in the morning before feeding and obtained twice (4 weeks and 1 week) before delivery and twice (2 and 3 weeks) after delivery. The ATP concentration did not change significantly. One week before delivery ADP, AMP and Ino concentrations were significantly higher and AEC value significantly lower compared to values in the third week after delivery (p ≤ 0.02, p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.03 and p ≤ 0.01, respectively). One week before and two weeks after delivery we observed a significant increase in SOD and GR activities and an increase in NAD+ and NADP+ concentrations but a significant decrease in Hyp and UA concentrations. Constant ATP concentration and the changes in the dynamics and tendency of Hyp and UA concentrations show that in the periparturient period in goats, purine metabolism undergoes adaptive changes. The balance between resynthetic processes and adenine nucleotide degradation is retained in order to level the oxygen and energy lacks. The results of our study show that the maintenance of prooxidative homeostasis in goats of peripartal period depends mainly on enzymatic mechanisms.
Highlights
The study was conducted on 12 clinically healthy pregnant goats (Capra hircus) - 75% genotype of the Polish noble white aged between 2-3 years
One week before and two weeks after delivery we observed a significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities and an increase in NAD+ and NADP+ concentrations but a significant decrease in Hyp and uric acid (UA) concentrations
The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between erythrocyte concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP, NAD+, NADP+ and adenylate energy charge (AEC), purine turnover metabolites and hypoxia indicators: inosine (Ino), hypoxanthine (Hyp), selected blood antioxidants: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and uric acid (UA) of goats during the periparturient period
Summary
The study was conducted on 12 clinically healthy pregnant goats (Capra hircus) - 75% genotype of the Polish noble white aged between 2-3 years. Constant ATP concentration and the changes in the dynamics and tendency of Hyp and UA concentrations show that in the periparturient period in goats, purine metabolism undergoes adaptive changes. In the periparturient period the female is exposed to disturbance of energy balance as well as disturbance of balance between the production of reactive oxygen species and the optimization of mechanisms protecting against the results of oxidative stress (Górecka et al.2002; Toescu et al 2002; Wender-Ożegowska et al 2004; Upadhyaya et al 2005, Erisir et al 2009). While the first pregnancy stage of mammals is characterized by intensification of anabolic changes, the second stage, especially the periparturient period, is characterised by intensification of catabolic processes (such as the increase of insulin resistance of cells, the increase of placenta hormonal activity, the increase of lipids, fat acids, glucose and amino acids degradation). Catabolic processes increase especially in conditions of hypoxia manifested by disturbance of adenine metabolism and generation of reactive
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