Abstract
The development of pupal thoracic structures from imaginal discs proceeds in three steps: (1) The discs evaginate (evert and unfold to produce the general shapes of the adult structures), (2) the evaginated discs are inflated with haemolymph, and, (3) the inflated structures expand to form their definitive pupal shapes (specific internal components will migrate into these structures and differentiate into adult organs). Evagination of the head and inflation of the appendages is attained by peristaltic abdominal muscular contractions during the ecdysial phase of pupation. Relatively low haemolymph pressure (3.8 Torr) is needed to accomplish this. Morphogenesis of pupal structures is completed during the prolonged period of vigorous muscular activity accompanying the expansion stage. The pressure in the haemocoel reaches a value greater than 15 Torr at this time, being produced by asymmetrical contractions of the abdominal muscles. Swaying lateral movements caused by these contractions seem to be indispensible for extrication of the larval tracheal lining from the spiracles.
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