Abstract

Preface Introduction: The Challenges Punishing Hate 1. What Is a Bias Crime? 2. How Are Bias Crimes Different? 3. Why Are Bias Crimes Worse? 4. Who Is Guilty a Bias Crime? 5. Are Bias Crime Laws Constitutional? 6. What Is the Federal Role in Prosecuting Bias Crimes? 7. Why Punish Hate? Appendixes A. State Bias Crime Laws B. Sample Discriminatory Selection Statutes C. Sample Racial Animus Statutes D. Sample Because of Statutes E. Sample Because of Statutes with Additional Element Maliciousness F. Sample Institutional Vandalism Statutes Other Relevant Statutes Historical Appendix Notes Bibliographical Essay Acknowledgments Index

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