Abstract
Inflammation is a complex biological defense system associated with a series of chronic diseases such as cancer, arthritis, diabetes, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. The extracts of pomegranate fruit and peel have been reported to possess health-beneficial properties in inflammation-associated chronic diseases. Punicalagin is considered to be the major active component of pomegranate extracts. In this review we have focused on recent studies into the therapeutic effects of punicalagin on inflammation-associated chronic diseases and the regulatory roles in NF-κB, MAPK, IL-6/JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. We have concluded that punicalagin may be a promising therapeutic compound in preventing and treating inflammation-associated chronic diseases, although further clinical studies are required.
Highlights
Empirical studies have shown that the hydrolyzed polyphenols in pomegranate peel possess very important nutritional and medicinal values for its numerous biological activities, especially high levels of antioxidant activity [36]
The first step of inflammation is to recognize the pathogens which are mediated by the pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns [72]; the second step is to activate specific immune signaling pathways to promote the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α) [60]
The results showed that the extracts of pomegranate peel had an important anti-cancer effect against prostate cancer cells by modulating the mTOR/S6K signaling pathway
Summary
As an important source of anthocyanins and hydrolysable tannins, pomegranate is consumed as a fruit and is used for its antioxidant and anti-inflammation potential on disease prevention and treatment [13]. Punicalagin has been reported to have beneficial effects steps in inflammation, including immune response [17], cells macrophages [18,19] and on both chronic inflammation [15]. Punicalagin downregulated the mRNA in in inflammation, including immune response [17], cells macrophages [18,19].
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