Punicalagin and Ketogenic Amino Acids Loaded Organic Lipid Carriers Enhance the Bioavailability, Mitochondrial β-Oxidation, and Ketogenesis in Maturing Adipocytes.

Pandurangan Subash-Babu,Nouf Al-Numair,Ali Abdullah Alshatwi,Jegan Athinarayanan,Tahani Almuzaini

doi:10.3390/nano12030368

Pandurangan Subash-Babu, Nouf Al-Numair + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12030368

Copy DOI

Abstract

The identification of lipolytic bioactive compounds via the functional stimulation of carbohydrate response element-binding protein-1 (CREBp-1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is most warranted. Nano lipid carriers (NLCs) are currently being considered within drug delivery development as they facilitate controlled drug release and have intracellular bioavailability after encapsulating the active principles with lipid matrix. The present study has been designed to synthesize punicalagin, and ketogenic amino acids (KAA) loaded with organic lipid carriers to optimize the liposome-assisted intracellular delivery’s bioavailability. Punicalagin (PUNI) and KAA (tryptophan, methionine, threonine, lysine, and leucine) were encapsulated with chia seed phospholipids by homogenization, emulsification, and cold ultra-sonication method to obtain nano lipid carriers (NLC). The physicochemical characterization of NLCs has been carried out using Zetasizer, FT-IR, and TEM analysis. Punicalagin and ketogenic amino acid-loaded NLCs (NLC-PUNI-KAA) were identified with an average diameter of 240 to 800 nm. The biosafety of NLC-PUNI-KAA has been evaluated in human mesenchymal stem cells. PI staining confirmed that a 0.4, 0.8 or 1.6μg/dL dose of NLC-PUNI-KAA potentially maintains nuclear integration. NLC-PUNI-KAA treated with maturing adipocytes decreased lipid accumulation and significantly increased the gene expression levels of fatty acid beta-oxidation (PPARγC1α, UCP-1 and PRDM-16) pathways when compared to free PUNI (5 μg/dL) treatment. The lipolytic potential has been confirmed by the functional activation of AMPK and CREBp-1 protein levels. In conclusion, NLC-PUNI-KAA treatment effectively increased mitochondrial efficiency more than free punicalagin or orlistat treated maturing adipocyte. Enhanced lipolysis and decreased hypertrophic adipocyte resulted in decreased adipokine secretion, which has been associated with the suppression of obesity-associated comorbidities and vascular cell inflammation. The bioefficacy and lipolytic potential of water-soluble punicalagin have been improved after functional modification into NLCs.

Highlights

IntroductionThe liver produces 90% of endogenous glucose by gluconeogenesis; the process has been controlled by insulin
The appearance of a new peak such as 3336.1 cm−1 (N-H stretching, aliphatic amine group), 2925.8 cm−1 (C-H stretching in the aliphatic group), 1742.4 cm−1 (C=O stretching aldehyde or amine group) and 1455.6 cm−1 (C-H bending in alkane of methyl group) in nano lipid carriers (NLCs)-PUNI-ketogenic amino acids (KAA), confirmed the addition of PUNI functional groups
We found that a 1.6 μg/dL dose of NLCs-PUNI-KAA and NLCs-KAA resulted in high J aggregates that directly represent the polarized mitochondrial that correspond to potential mitochondrial oxidative capacity and thermogenesis

Summary

Introduction

The liver produces 90% of endogenous glucose by gluconeogenesis; the process has been controlled by insulin. If insulin fails to control hepatic glucose production, this eventually ends with fasting hyperglycemia, which develops hepatic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) [1,2]. Hepatic de novo lipogenesis and lipolysis in white adipocytes were increased in insulin resistance conditions. The solid association of hepatic insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is exceedingly

Objectives

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion