Pumice-Supported Palladium Catalysts: II. Selective Hydrogenation of 1,3-Cyclooctadiene

Abstract

Two series of pumice-supported palladium catalysts (W and U) have been tested in the liquid-phase selective hydrogenation of 1,3-cyclooctadiene (1,3-COD) to cyclooctene (COE). The two series of catalysts, obtained via organometallic precursors, differ in the preparation procedure. In the W series the reduced metal derives only from Pd intermediates anchored to pumice; in the U series the metal originates also from unreacted Pd(allyl)2 species in solution. The U catalysts present agglomerated metal particles. The hydrogenations, free of any diffusion problems, were performed at constant pressure of hydrogen (1 atm). Analysis of the data suggests that the rate-determining step is a surface reaction involving activated 1,3-COD. Selectivity is very high since cyclooctane (COA) is detected only when all 1,3-COD is consumed. The turnover frequencies (TOF1) of the first semihydrogenation do not change with palladium dispersion, determined from the Porod diameter Dp up to Dx < 35%, but thereafter they slowly decrease. Experimental evidence, such as the absence of oxidation when exposed to air and the negative shift of binding energy of the Pd 3d level in XPS measurements, indicate a different behavior of the present catalysts in comparison with other supported palladium catalysts. These differences are attributed to the presence of alkali metal ions (Na+, K+) on the pumice surface and are explained on the basis of the change in electron density and/or in the ensemble size of the supported palladium. Several interesting features and differences in activity and selectivity between the two series of catalysts can be accounted for by the presence of agglomerated palladium particles in the U series and are discussed in terms of the evolution of parameters with dispersion.