Pulsed-laser-ablation based nanodecoration of multi-wall-carbon nanotubes by Co\u2013Ni nanoparticles for dye-sensitized solar cell counter electrode applications

Abstract

We report here on the use of pulsed KrF-laser deposition technique (PLD) for the decoration of Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by Co–Ni nanoparticles (NPs) to form highly efficient counter electrodes (CEs) for use in Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). By varying the number of laser ablation pulses (NLP = 500–60,000) of the KrF laser, we were able to control the average size of the Co–Ni NPs and the surface coverage of the MWCNTs by the nanoparticles. The PLD-based decoration of MWCNTs by Co–Ni NPs is shown to form novel counter electrodes, which significantly enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the DSSCs. Indeed, the DSSCs based on the PLD-decorated Co–Ni counter electrodes (obtained at the optimal NLP = 40,000) are shown to exhibit a PCE value as high as 6.68%, with high short circuit current (Jsc = 14.68 mA/cm2) and open circuit voltage (Voc = 0.63 V). This represents a PCE improvement of ~190% in comparison to the DSSCs with pristine MWCNTs (PCE = 2.3%) and ~7.4% PCE increase than that of the conventional DSSC made with a sputtered Platinum-based counter electrode. By systematically investigating the local nanostructure of the Co–Ni decorated CEs, we found that the Co–Ni NPs layer exhibits a porous cauliflower-like morphology, of which surface roughness (RMS) is NLP dependent. Interestingly, both PCE and roughness of the Co–Ni NPs layer are found to exhibit the same NLP dependence, with a maximum located around the optimal NLP value of 40,000. This enabled us to establish, for the first time, a linear correlation between the achieved PCE of DSSCs and the local roughness of their CEs decorated by Co–Ni NPs. Such a correlation highlights the importance of maximizing the surface area of the Co–Ni coated MWCNTs on the CEs to enhance the PCE of the DSSCs. Finally, Ultra-violet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS) measurements revealed a significant decrease in the local work function (Φ) of Co–Ni NPs decorated MWCNTs based CEs (at NLP = 40,000, Φ = 3.9 eV) with respect to that of either pristine MWCNTs (Φ = 4.8 eV) or sputtered-Pt (Φ = 4.3 eV) counter-electrodes. This Φ lowering of the Co–Ni/MWCNTs based CEs is an additional advantage to enhance the catalytic reaction of the redox couple of the electrolyte solution, and improve thereby the PCE of the DSSCs.