Abstract
The rutile-type SnO2 powders originally ca. 25–50 nm in size were successfully size minimized by pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) under 532 nm excitation and 400 mJ per pulse at a specified water depth (5 to 20 mm) for up to 20 min in a slender vial filled with deionized water. Transmission electron microscopic observations indicated the nanoparticles via PLAL fragmentation have a minimum diameter of ca. 5 nm with a predominant rutile-type structure and an occasional high-pressure stabilized α-PbO2-type structure with 1-D 2× and 4× commensurate superstructures in accordance with a (021) shuffling derivation from a fluorite-type parental phase. Miniature size of the nanoparticles was more effective at a lower water level and a longer time of laser excitation yet limited by a coalescence process. The combined effects of nanosize, dense phase, and internal compressive stress, as well as Sn2+/H+ cosignature according to X-ray diffraction and spectroscopic results account for a lower minimum band gap down to ca. 2 eV for potential optocatalytic applications of such SnO2 nanoparticles.
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