Pulse Width, Stimulus Intensity, Electrode Placement, and Polarity during Assessment of Neuromuscular Block

Abstract

Although the intensity of neurostimulation (i.e., charge) is a product of current intensity and pulse duration, the effects of the latter on the amplitude of evoked response and subjective discomfort are unknown. Therefore, the authors investigated the effects of current intensity and pulse width, and their interaction with electrode placement and polarity, on force translation (FTR), accelerography (ACG), and electromyography (EMG) at the adductor pollics muscle. Ulnar stimulating electrodes were applied in one of two configurations: over the distal forearm and olecranon groove ("A") or 5 cm apart on the distal forearm ("B"). Stimuli for FTR and EMG with current intensities of 20, 40, 60, and 70 mA and pulse widths of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 msec resulted in 16 different charges. These combinations were delivered in each of four orientations: "A-" ("A" configuration with negative electrode distal); "A+", "B-", and "B+" (n = 64 stimuli). Eight stimulus combinations (n = 32 stimuli) were used for ACG. For each monitoring technique, the effects of current intensity, pulse width, electrode polarity, and placement were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA. Pain responses were scored on a 0-100-mm verbal analog scale and analyzed with ANOVA and Fisher's exact test. The evoked response amplitude varied directly with current intensity and pulse width. In both electrode placement configurations, the response was greater when the negative electrode was distal. The electrode positioning ("A" vs. "B") had less of an impact on evoked responses than did polarity, regardless of monitoring technique. The evoked pain varied directly with the amplitude of evoked neuromuscular response in all electrode position-polarity combinations. The total current charge required for evoking a supramaximal neuromuscular response is much higher than previously appreciated, and electrode polarity is important in attaining a supramaximal plateau. Failure to attain (and maintain) a supramaximal stimulus allows changes in the effectiveness of neurostimulation, thus influencing the magnitude of the evoked neuromuscular response and confounding measurements of neuromuscular block.