Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension among HIV-Infected Children: Results of a National Survey and Review of the Literature.

Arnaud Grégoire L’Huillier,Hiba Pictet,Maurice Beghetti,Klara Maria Posfay-Barbe

doi:10.3389/fped.2015.00025

Arnaud Grégoire L’Huillier, Hiba Pictet + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2015.00025

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Abstract

Since the advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy, HIV-related mortality has decreased dramatically. As a consequence, patients are living longer, and HIV infection is becoming a chronic disease. Patients and caretakers have to deal with chronic complications of infection and treatment, such as cardiovascular diseases, which now represent an important health issue, even in the pediatric population. Prevalence of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in the adult HIV population is around 0.4–0.6%, which is around 1000- to 2500-fold more prevalent than in the general population. In recent adult PAH registries, HIV has been identified as the fourth cause of PAH, accounting for approximately 6–7% of cases. Therefore, regular screening is recommended in HIV-infected adults by many experts. If HIV-associated PAH is mainly reported in HIV-infected adults, pediatric cases have also been, albeit rarely, described. This scarcity may be due to a very low PAH prevalence, or due to the lack of systematic cardiovascular screening in pediatric patients. As PAH may manifest only years or decades after infection, a systematic screening should perhaps also be recommended to HIV-infected children. In this context, we retrospectively looked for PAH screening in children included in our national Swiss Mother and Child HIV cohort study. A questionnaire was sent to all pediatric infectious disease specialists taking care of HIV-infected children in the cohort. The questions tried to identify symptoms suggestive of cardiovascular risk factors and asked which screening test was performed. In the 71 HIV-infected children for which we obtained an answer, no child was known for PAH. However, only two had been screened for PAH, and the diagnosis was not confirmed. In conclusion, PAH in HIV-infected children is possibly underestimated due to lack of screening. Systematic echocardiographic evaluation should be performed in HIV-infected children.

Highlights

WHO estimated in 2010 that 34 millions of humans were infected with HIV, 10% being younger than 15 years old [1]
Nef was detected in lungs endothelial cells from HIV-pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients, but not among healthy or idiopathic PAH patients, suggesting that while the virus does not enter endothelium, it is possible that secreted viral proteins do [41]
The youngest patient is an HIV-infected very-low birth-weight infant, which presented with neonatal PAH: his condition resolved with highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) treatment but confounding factors, such as persistent ductus arteriosus, prolonged mechanical ventilation, extreme prematurity, systemic infection, and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, may have contributed to the disease [105]

Summary

Introduction

WHO estimated in 2010 that 34 millions of humans were infected with HIV, 10% being younger than 15 years old [1]. We sent a questionnaire to all infectious diseases specialists taking care of HIV-infected children in Switzerland, part of the Swiss Mother and Child HIV (MoCHIV) cohort study to evaluate if they look for PAH symptoms and perform screening procedures. Even if confounding factors, such as drug use and co-infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been reported [18], more than 80% of PAH cases in the HIV population are directly related to HIV and/or its treatment [19, 20].

Results

Conclusion