Abstract
Life-threatening bacterial infections have been managed by antibiotics for years and have significantly improved the wellbeing and lifetime of humans. However, bacteria have always been one step ahead by inactivating the antimicrobial agent chemically or by producing certain enzymes. The alarming universal occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has compelled researchers to find alternative treatments for MDR infections. This is a menace where conventional chemotherapies are no longer promising, but several novel approaches could help. Our current review article discusses the novel approaches that can combat MDR bacteria: starting off with potential nanoparticles (NPs) that efficiently interact with microorganisms causing fatal changes in the morphology and structure of these cells; nanophotothermal therapy using inorganic NPs like AuNPs to destroy pathogenic bacterial cells; bacteriophage therapy against which bacteria develop less resistance; combination drugs that act on dissimilar targets in distinctive pathways; probiotics therapy by the secretion of antibacterial chemicals; blockage of quorum sensing signals stopping bacterial colonization, and vaccination against resistant bacterial strains along with virulence factors. All these techniques show us a promising future in the fight against MDR bacteria, which remains the greatest challenge in public health care.
Highlights
Infectious diseases around the globe, once cured with the help of the magical drugs “antibiotics”, are becoming a menace due to ever-increasing microbial antibiotic resistance
Pneumoniae and reported that AgNPs were most effective against methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) followed by MRSE and S. pyogenes, but only moderate activity was observed against S. typhi and K. pneumoniae [55,76]
It has been reported that antibacterial activity of NPs is Fusarium directed oxysporum by their physicochemical properties, NPsThe could be synthesized by Fungi like and Phanerochaete chrysospowhich in turn depend upon the route(s)
Summary
Infectious diseases around the globe, once cured with the help of the magical drugs “antibiotics”, are becoming a menace due to ever-increasing microbial antibiotic resistance. Efflux pumps strategy present in are reasons resistance i.e., to antimicrobial agents [10] Another common of bacteria resistance capable of secreting the antibiotic out of the cell are one of the reasons for resistance is to prevent antibiotic action by interfering with the target site in several ways like pro-to antimicrobial agentsand [10].fluoroquinolones. The general modes of resistance are several mechanisms to prevent and combat these MDR bacteria. One of these includes nanoparticles (NPs) acting as a nanoencapsulation platforms), due to their high surface area to volume ratio and funcweapon against emerging antibiotic resistance. Nitric-oxide-releasing NPs (NONPs) act as antimicrobial agents against many antibiotic-resistant and sensitive bacteria, i.e., K. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, S. pyogenes, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. It resulted in a ≥99.99% reduction of viable bacterial count [61]
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