Pull-out capacity of single batter piles in sand: Reply

Abstract

30% at a load inclination of 45 (horizontal load on a 4.5 pile). It must be recognized that the data reported here, and by the authors, are applicable only to piles pushed into a norn~ally consolidated sand mass. Bored piles would typically have lower uplift capacities, depending on the construction process, because the boring process would tend to relax the it1 situ stresses around the pile. Driven piles would tend to compact loose sand, resulting in higher capacity. The densification, and thus the capacity, woilld also depend on the ratio of pile crosssection area to surface area. Finally, piles in overconsolidated sands wo~lld experience larger it1 situ horizontal stresses and, thus, higher capacities. It is dangerous to rely on model test data without fully considering all the relevant construction parameters.