Public-private partnerships for health require thoughtful evaluation.

Abstract

There are now about 50 public-private partnerships operating internationally to provide the means of combating diseases associated with poverty. Their aim is to develop, or improve access to, health products such as drugs, vaccines, contraceptives, microbicides, diagnostics and bednets. Since getting under way during the last few years, they have been variously criticized but usually with no distinction made between their different ways of working (1-3). The designation "public-private partnership" is claimed by a wide variety of arrangements. They range from small single-product collaborations with industry to large entities hosted in UN agencies or private not-for-profit organizations. They also include legally independent "public interest" (but actually private sector) entities such as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Although the private sector includes not-for-profit or civil society entities as well as commercial ones, most commentators define "PPP" as involving some for-profit organizations. These can be companies whose core business expertise is outside the health sector, such as communications, or inside it, such as a pharmaceutical research, raising different questions. The word "partnership" has been used loosely to include communication, consultation, coordination, and collaboration. "Public-private partnerships" has also been used to refer to the privatization of health services delivery, although here it is governments alone which set the rules, and this causes further confusion. In fact, a strict definition of "PPP" would probably require a significant degree of joint decision-making. For most commentators "PPPs" imply innovative interaction, and exclude traditional transactions such as grant-making or procurement of goods and services. But ideas of "innovation" differ too. Simply calling an interaction a "partnership" does not ensure that it actually involves joint decision-making, or innovation. Reality needs to be distinguished from perceptions by means of impartial observation and documentation. To evaluate criticism it is important to understand the actual policy-making and implementation processes in different so-called partnerships. Arrangements orchestrated from within UN agencies (such as the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), Roll Back Malaria (RBM), STOP TB, and others), operate by their host's policies and procedures. The Boards and working groups of such PPPs act as advisory bodies to the heads of their host agencies and their other partners. Critics have complained of inappropriate influence by business. But, for example, to include one person representing the pharmaceutical industry in the 16-member Board of GAVI adds necessary expertise while being highly unlikely to overturn the entire policy-making systems of WHO, UNICEF, the World Bank and the other members, especially as the host of the GAVI secretariat (UNICEF) retains a veto on its actions and each partner has the right to ignore the board's decisions. Legally independent partnership entities such as the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) or Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) are actually private sector not-for-profit organizations, since their assets are not state-controlled. Hence, these types of PPP face the same decision-making and governance issues as the nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) which often severely criticize them. All organizations claiming to be working in the public interest need to deal effectively with four issues: representation of intended beneficiaries, funders and other stakeholders; conflicts of interest, which include biases arising from any person's organizational affiliation or strongly held convictions; accountability; and transparency. …