Abstract
Up to 90% of wastewater in developing countries is discharged untreated or partially treated and is frequently used directly or indirectly for food production. Wastewater adds valuable water and nutrients, which can increase production and offset the need for chemical fertilizers. However, it also contains pathogens and chemicals that pose health risks. The 2006 WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Greywater and Excreta in Agriculture and Aquaculture Volume II puts forward a risk assessment and risk management approach derived from the Stockholm Framework, which includes a multiple barrier approach as an alternative to strict wastewater discharge limits.
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