Abstract
BackgroundStudies in different parts of the world have implicated money as a vehicle for transmission of pathogens. Such information which is necessary to facilitate infection control strategies is lacking in many sub-Saharan countries including Cameroon. This study analyzed the Franc de la Communauté Financiere d’Afrique (Franc CFA), the currency used in Cameroon and other countries in the Central African sub-region, as a potential vehicle for transmission of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, particularly drug-resistant strains, to generate findings which could create awareness on currency contamination and serve as a guide when formulating health policies on currency.MethodsTwo hundred and thirteen currency samples representing various denominations of notes and coins randomly collected from diverse sources in Buea, Cameroon were analyzed for bacteria and fungi. The sensitivity of bacterial isolates to antibiotics was tested using the disc diffusion method. The relationship between contamination and physical state, source or denomination of currency was assessed using the χ2 test. All statistics were discussed at 0.05 significance level.ResultsTwo hundred (93.9%) samples were contaminated with notes (96.6%) showing higher contamination than coins (88.2%). Uncirculated (mint) samples showed no contamination. There was a significant difference (P˂0.05) in contamination with respect to currency denomination, physical state and source. All samples from butchers and patients/personnel in hospitals were contaminated. Lower denominations showed significantly higher (P = 0.008) levels of contamination than higher denominations. Dirty currency was more contaminated than clean currency. Nine bacterial species were isolated. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (54.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus (20.1%) predominated. Among the fungi detected, Aspergillus sp (17.3%) and Penicillium sp (15.9%) showed higher frequency of occurrence. Bacteria were susceptible (100%) to ceftriaxone, gentamicin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin. Susceptibility to amoxicillin, penicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin and cotrimoxazole was low. Staphylococci were resistant (100%) to vancomycin, penicillin G, and amoxicillin. CoNS in addition showed resistance (100%) to cotrimoxazole.ConclusionsThe CFA franc circulating in Buea could serve as a vehicle for transmission of drug resistant pathogenic or potential organisms and contamination could be due to currency usage and handling as mint notes were not contaminated. Hygiene practices during or after handling currency is greatly encouraged to prevent infection.
Highlights
Studies in different parts of the world have implicated money as a vehicle for transmission of pathogens
Forty-six (21.6%) notes and 27 (12.6%) coins were contaminated solely with bacteria, 7 notes (3.3%) and 9 (4.2%) coins were contaminated solely with fungi while 87 (40.8%) notes and 24 (11.3%) coins were contaminated with both bacteria and fungi (Table 1)
There was a significant difference in microbial colonization of currency with respect to denomination (χ2 = 7.034, P = 0.008, df = 1 for bacteria; χ2 = 5.320, df = 1, P = 0.021 for fungi; χ2 = 6.241, df = 1, P = 0.018 for mixed contamination) with lower denominations (500 frs, 1000 frs, 2000 frs notes and 50 frs coins) showing higher levels of contamination than higher denominations (Table 1)
Summary
Studies in different parts of the world have implicated money as a vehicle for transmission of pathogens. Such information which is necessary to facilitate infection control strategies is lacking in many sub-Saharan countries including Cameroon. A classic characteristic of microbial agents is the evolution of routes for their transmission to susceptible hosts [1] These routes of transmission are of great importance in the health of many populations in developing countries, where the frequency of infection is a general indication of local standards of hygiene and environmental sanitation [2]. Because facts to support this are not sufficient, the World Health Organization [9] recommends that more studies be carried out in other locations Africa to evaluate the public health implications of microorganisms on money
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