Public Funding and Corporate Innovation

Abstract

We review and condense the body of literature on the economic returns of public RD (ii) private RD (iii) RD (v) the mobility of RD (vi) there are many university spin-offs but these are no more successful than non-university spin-offs; (vii) universities constitute important collaboration partners and (viii) clusters enhance collaboration, patents and productivity. Key problems for economic policy advice are that the identification of causal effects is problematic in most studies and that little is known about the optimal design of policy measures.