Abstract
Because of ideological resistance, the USA often pursues industrial policy by indirect means. There are continuing conflicts over the appropriate role of government, industry and academia in innovation: an indirect and decentralized industrial policy may be more effective than traditional direct approaches, since it is better able to take regional differences into account. A new institutional configuration is emerging in which government, industry and academia together target technical problems to open up new technological and economic vistas, eventually creating new companies, industries and jobs. A common collaboration format brings representatives of different institutional spheres together in a bottom-up planning process. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
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